Essay about The Cultural Aspect of Dracula in Bram...

The Cultural Aspect of Dracula in Bram Stokers Dracula In Bram Stoker s Dracula, vampires act as principles of mixing in many ways. Dracula comes from Transylvania, which is a land of many people, and his castle is located on the border of three states. Dracula himself describes the place as the whirlpool of European races, and boasts, in [his] veins flows the blood of many brave races (p. 28). Dracula wishes to go to London, to the crowded streets with a variety of people. He takes blood from everybody, and gives it to others (Mina, albeit for his own purposes). His body acts as a vessel of mixed blood. In his veins run blood from ancient and modern times, from England and Transylvania. Dracula seems to act as some sort of†¦show more content†¦Dracula, on the other hand, does not differentiate between various kinds of blood. He wants to go to London to be in the midst of the whirl and rush of humanity (p. 20), suggesting that he is extracting from all these bloods, the common element of humanness. Renfield seems to extract from blood, including animal blood, the power of life. Dracula and Renfield seem to be taking from blood some basic element that crosses boundaries of all kinds, including the species barrier. Dracula, Mina and Renfield all seem to be able to communicate with each other, across long distances, and Dracula is able to communicate with wolves, rates, bats and other animal species. Vampires can thus be read as embodying the principle of the lowest common factor that enables communication across distances and barriers. The process of extracting the lowest common factor is not reductive but additive, and through addition comes renewal. Renfield follows the principle of summation in his method of zoophagy. He desires to absorb as many lives as he can, and he has laid himself out to achieve it in a cumulative way (pp. 70-71), says Seward. It seems that the cumulative method is a better method than simply eating the flies and spiders as they are caught. This perhaps implies a certain advantage to the mixing of one blood into another, and not drinking the blood straight. The individualShow MoreRelatedEssay about In Technologies of Monstrosity1430 Words   |  6 Pages Dracula: The Metaphor for Late Victorian-Crisis Jarae Comstock Reinhardt University This paper was prepared for IDS 306 for Dr. Little Dracula: The Metaphor for Late Victorian-Crisis Bram Stokers, Dracula, from the late-Victorian era, is one of the best stories of vampire folklore. Dracula was tall, dark, handsome, and mysterious with immense sexual character. His snow white teeth which outlined his rosy red lips made us fantasize of him and ultimately become obsessed. The overwhelmingRead MoreComparison Between Dracula by Bram Stroker and Twilight by Stephen Meyeres975 Words   |  4 Pagesimagination over the past few centuries. The first available representation of the mythical creature in prose fiction can be found in John Polidori’s â€Å"The Vampyre† (1810). It was not until eight decades later that Bram Stoker popularized the existence of this figure with the publication of â€Å"Dracula† in 1897. The folklore of the vampire has come a long way since and can be found in today’s popular media more frequently than ever before. However, with due course of time, the representation of the creatureRead MoreFemininity Vs. Masculinity , By Bram Stoker s Dracula2081 Words   |  9 Pageshuman because of how we act and our emotions. In Bram Stoker, Dracula, each character faces difficult obstacles between the lines of being all man or facing the structures of being a woman. With the help of two critical essays to analyze Dracula through their writing as well as to help understand the differences and non-differences. One essay wrote by Bram Dijkstra called â€Å"[Dracula’s Backlash]†, I liked his essay because of how he looks at Dracula and how are treated women back in the nineteenthRead MoreBram Stoker s Dracula - Dracula1964 Words   |  8 PagesHargrave 7/25/2016 Eng 2305 Dracula Interpretive Essay In Bram Stoker’s Dracula, we are introduced to the monster that is Dracula. Throughout his Stoker touches on several themes of Dracula’s monstrosity. This paper will explore Bram Stoker’s Dracula under the theory of, â€Å"The Monster Dwells at the Gates of Difference† The rejection of modernity, sexual expression, and the xenophobic threat from Old World Europe are all gates of difference that Stoker touches on. Dracula dwells at the gates of differenceRead MoreCarmilla and Dracula1362 Words   |  6 Pagespervades the 19th century gothic fiction text. What does this reveal about the cultural context within the tale exists? This essay will attempt to discuss the two gothic tales ‘Carmilla’ and ‘Dracula’ in relation to cultural contexts in which they exist as being presented to the reader through the gender behaviour and sexuality that is portrayed through the texts. Vampire stories always seem to involve some aspect of sexuality and power. Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu wrote Carmilla. It was firstRead MoreGothic Elements In Dracula Essay1499 Words   |  6 PagesBram Stoker s Dracula is a staple of the Gothic Horror genre. It is a novel that has been scrutinized by countless readers since it was published in 1897. While Stoker s novel is certainly not the first example of a piece of gothic horror, or even the first example of a gothic horror story focusing categorically on vampires, it still managed to plenarily capture the attention of the public. But not only did Dracula enthrall the readers of its time, but it perpetuated to be a mainstay of the gothicRead More The New Woman in Fanu’s Carmilla, Stoker’s Dracula, and Buffy the Vampire Slayer2496 Words   |  10 PagesThe New Woman in Fanu’s Carmilla, Stoker’s Dracula, and Buffy the Vampire Slayer The correlation between the vampire, a figure that is usually regarded as the subject of social ostracism, and the New Woman, the advent of which was feared by the majority of the British Victorian patriarchy, was a prominent aspect of much mid-to-late Victorian era literature. Supplementary evidence to support the compelling Victorian era literary connection between the vampire and the New Woman can be extrapolatedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel Dracula 1452 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Dracula Although Dracula was not the first vampire novel, the effect that Bram Stoker’s creation had on the vampire genre is undisputable. At the time, it was written intellectual revelations during the 19th century had begun to change what people fear. Archaic legends like vampire stories no longer inspired terror in industrializing areas like Britain. What made Dracula widely successful was the incorporation of modern themes and anxieties with the renowned archetype of the vampireRead MoreGender Roles in Literature1573 Words   |  6 Pagesof different ways. In some tales men and women are equals, while in others men are seen as superior to females. Their roles in the stories have to do with the cultural aspect of the society the story was written during, and when the story is supposed to take place. Examples of the importance of gender roles can be seen in Bram Stoker’s Dracula and Jeremias Gotthelf’s The Black Spider. The role of the sexes is a main theme throughou t the both plots. These works were written in two completely differentRead MoreVampires And Zombies : Monsters1658 Words   |  7 Pageshidden recess provide opportunities for vampires to gain their powers and their exotic influence spread quickly (Butler 78). Similarly, zombies also started in chaotic situations. Zombies appeared in 1960s, when wars and other tragedies affected cultural consciousness. The grim realization that people are not as safe and secure as they might have once thought made American popular culture to think about the fear of possible terrorist attacks (Bishop 17). Then zombie movies were used to present unnatural

Americanization in France Essay - 1033 Words

Americanization in France As I sit outside my favorite cafà ©, drinking wine as the sun slowly dies off into the twilight of dusk, I hear the most obnoxious noise. It is a few teenagers trying to speak their best English. I watch them for a few minutes, and I am disgusted. If these children represent the future, I weep. I see a whole generation with no direction, no true love of their beautiful country, no nationalism in them. Instead they wear blue jeans, and drink that despicable liquid called ‘Coca-Cola’. These younger generations are imitating a society across an ocean. I see restaurants grilling up American cuisine’s and California wines. Youths are wearing American brand clothing, and traveling to America to tour their†¦show more content†¦Our on consumption does not stop with the cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s or the stores where we buy our food, but goes deeper into our society. American business has taken away our identity buying trying to get onto our economy and setting the sta ndard for us. America is crawling into our society not only by food and movies but also through our economy, and businesses. Look at Frigidaire, Remington Rand-France and Simca, all three of them are foreign owned, or actually U.S. owned and two of them received massive layoffs, without notice, with no help in finding another job. We need to curb this foreign investment of French businesses and economy, it is our economy, let us control it. We should be weary of American investors, they are so big and overwhelming to our homeland producer’s competition is impossible. As America comes into France and takes over the manufacturing industry they are helping our economic growth. The size of these companies are so enormous that their ability to sustain economic depression is in not question. The question should be, with America’s ability to produce money and buy each other out buy ruthless takeovers acquiring 51% of their stock, what happens when companies get bought out? Then what, as we have learned from past American companies, lay-off’s happen without a thought to the employee. We are not looking to get rid of foreigners, or what they bring to the table, what I think we should look to do is control. IShow MoreRelatedEssay On The Devil In The White City883 Words   |  4 PagesWorld’s Fair that was held in Paris, France. This was accomplished by the Eiffel Tower and all of its glory. As Erik Larson explains himself, not only did its magnitude show how skilled France’s architects can be, but also â€Å"offered graphic proof that France had edged out the United States for dominance in the realm of iron and steel†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Despite showing a lack of accomplishments at this fair, America was able to have one good aspect from it all; Americanization across the European area. Nancy GreenRead MoreGlobalization Is A Good Thing For The Economy1237 Words   |  5 Pagesoften times also referred to as Americanization due t o the expansion of American companies such as Coke, Disney, Mcdonalds and others. The Globalization of Disney Company was argued that globalizing is a bad thing towards the Disney Company. The popularity of Disney in America has many Americans upset that taking the Amusement park experience to other countries like Hong Kong, Japan, And France. The people in America are afraid that it is losing its Americanization of the company also that it isRead MoreGlobalization And Its Impact On Society1307 Words   |  6 Pagesburgers every four months as they grew (472). They only saw it as a way to help the people and get their ideas across the globe. In 1996, Thomas L. Friedman, an American journalist critically thinks that people have â€Å"plugged into a high degree of Americanization† as countries participate in the integration of culture and globalization (Friedman). This emphasizes the cultural integration around the globe that began unifying the people’s beliefs and values. Multiple areas have dived in, head first intoRead MoreEssay about Globalization : The Myth of Cultural Imperialism1289 Words   |  6 Pagesthe rest of the world can see what is going on in those countries. Ideas are bounced around as if in a pin ball machine. People in India, Pakistan, Israel, Germany, etc.†¦ know what movie stars and fashions are popular in America, Great Britain, France, and Japan. However, they get more than just movies and fashions. They hear about issue debates, political struggles, agricultural problems, national budget deficits, and changes of power in government. Almost every aspect of life in almostRead MoreGuests Use Main Street Usa As A Transition Between Fantasy And Reality Essay1387 Words   |  6 Pagesmanagement strategies.† Foreign countries should not be expected to adopt American domestic views in order to have a Disney theme park. Differences between American culture and European culture are apparent in Disneyland Paris located in Paris, France. Disney set standards that were expected to be followed at all of its’ theme parks, however a lot of these standards conflicted with France’s culture. The dress code affected many Disneyland Paris workers. Black stockings and red lipstick were forbiddenRead MoreGlobalization And Its Effects On Society Essay1076 Words   |  5 PagesAustralia, the UK and US. Therefore, immigration policies of many nation states have been affected because of the significant increase in the net migration rates. Many nations in the EU, including Britain, Switzerland, Denmark, Italy, Sweden and France, have argued with each other about the immigration policies among the EU countries. They claimed that their nations are likely to suffer from mass migration driving overpopulation, because of the commitment to the immigration policies among membersRead MoreEssay on The Deportation of Acadians1408 Words   |  6 PagesColonists from France came to Canada and settled in Acadia also known as present day east coast colonies during the seventeenth century. The name given to the French colonists from the time of arrival to Canada was the â€Å"Acadians†. The Acadians from France continued their formal lifestyle by farming, fishing and maintaining a close family oriented culture in Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick. The Acadian s had created a prosperous agriculture economy up until the lateRead MoreIAH 201 paper 11183 Words   |  5 Pagesof the frontier on the American spirit. In 1893 Fredrick Jackson Turner delivered the idea of The Significance of the Frontier in American History, to a gathering of historians. According to Turner, the frontier was the line of most rapid Americanization.1 The idea of the frontier as explained by Turner looks at the constant movement westward by the Europeans who came to America. It speaks of the time from the first arrival until the time when there is no longer a frontier line, and how theRead MoreChinese And United States Foreign Policy958 Words   |  4 Pagesprofound shift in the balance of Pacific trade favorably towards the United States. England believes there are still greater plans by the U.S. to manipulate currencies to promote their quest to conquer the entire American and Asiatic continents. Americanization has swept through Asia and indeed there may be so me short term benefit to China’s civility at this time, however Her Highness should be aware that the United States has nefarious plans for Asian colonies that do not facilitate China’s best interestRead MoreAnalysis Of Omeros By Derek Walcott978 Words   |  4 PagesWalcott displays throughout the story. In â€Å"Omeros,† Walcott uses Hector and Achilles to display the conflict amid these two nations. Walcott uses Homeric characters such as Helen (Saint Lucia and other Caribbean islands) as the figure of which Hector (France) and Achilles (England) are continuously fighting over. The use of Helen as Saint Lucia is perfect because Saint Lucia is known as â€Å"The Helen of the West Indies.† In Greek mythology, Helen of Troy was thought to be the most bewitching woman in the

Essay about Oedipus, The Movie - 633 Words

Oedipus, The Movie After reading the play Oedipus the King, I had various expectations related to how the movie should be performed. The stage presentation of the story fulfilled some of my expectations but failed to satisfy others. Most importantly, the performance was an accurate rendering of the play. The characters in the movie were developed effectively and were portrayed precisely as I had perceived them. I thought that the movie lacked qualities including stage design, clothing, and background music. However, these facets of the performance are insignificant because the story is so powerful that it does not need attractive costumes or ostentatious props to support it. The foundation of the play is its intriguing story†¦show more content†¦For example, the hubris of Oedipus could be recognized by his boldness and confidence. Creon’s callous nature was evidenced by his cold and unflinching expression after Oedipus gouged his eyes out. The lighting of the film enhanced my understanding of the mood of the play at numerous moments. Dim lights indicated lamentable or tragic occurrences whereas bright lights reflected an elevated mood. For example, the lighting was gloomy and blood red during the scene following Oedipus’ self-mutilation. The movie provided the opportunity to visualize confusing scenes and to listen attentively to prolonged discussions. The movie also contained several inadequate elements that failed to satisfy my expectations. I was disappointed with the stage that was designed for the play. The insipid set was sparsely decorated and highly monotonous. Although the stage was similar to the description Sophocles provided in the opening lines of the play, I believe that a more interesting stage would better capture the audience’s attention. I expected grand buildings and monuments since the play took place in the city of Thebes; however, the set was devoid of any structures besides the king’s castle. The costumes worn by the actors had little semblance of authentic Greek garments. AfterShow MoreRelatedThe Story Of Oedipus The Movie Oedipus 978 Words   |  4 Pagesstory about Oedipus since my senior year of high school, so believe me I was uninterested hearing about reading it all over again. My teacher basically made us eat, sleep, and live anything that was about Oedipus in her class. She mad e us see weird videos about the story. However, having the class discussions made me more interested in the story because I was able to hear everyone’s standpoint and interpretation of the story. I have grown to somewhat accustomed to handle the story of Oedipus. When IRead MoreMovie Analysis : Oedipus 968 Words   |  4 PagesMarthe Sawuna Introduction to Literature Pam Grill October 10, 2017 A Long Journey to The Truth Oedipus, the main character in Sophocles drama experiences loss of control over his fate in life. The gods of Athens predetermined Oedipus destiny. Born in the city of Thebes, Oedipus became a man distant from his birthplace only to return and face the unescapable. To discover his own identity, Oedipus had gone through running away to the place he called home, murdering his father, save the city ofRead MoreThe Oedipus Complex In The Movie The Babadook807 Words   |  4 PagesOEDIPUS COMPLEX As talking about the monstrous feminine and the mother-child relationship, the Oedipus complex is another important element of the psychoanalytic film theory. The Oedipus complex is defined as the sexual desire of the parent who has the opposite sex while the child will treat the same sex parent as a competitor. According to Freud, the role of the father during the period of a male child’s psychosexual development is crucial, as he acts the one who prevents the incestuous relationshipRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Chinatown And Oedipus 1537 Words   |  7 Pagesstory as it clearly foreshadows what is to happen within the film. There is a great amount of symbolism and parallels within Chinatown which creates a cyclic narrative to the plot. Another set of parallel is between the narrative of Chinatown and Oedipus. By examining these two plots it can be noted how the slow reveal of backstory results in a strong climax. Evelyn’s back story is withheld earlier in the plo t. When Evelyn’s backstory of the incestuous relationship between herself and Noah Cross,Read MoreMovie Analysis : Oedipus The King 1810 Words   |  8 Pagesthemselves to emote and have their negative emotions be lifted. Oedipus The King s main pathway to catharsis is the role of the Chorus; in this particular tragedy, the Chorus s biggest role is to serve as an emotional bridge between the characters and the audience, for they constantly recap what has happened in the plot using graphic language and reflect on Greek Mythology as they suffer along with the other characters. As Oedipus slowly learns that his prophecy has come true, the Chorus attemptsRead MoreSimilar Ideas of Fate in Oedipus the King, by Sophocles and Crash527 Words   |  3 PagesThe play, Oedipus the King, by Sophocles, shares very similar ideas of fate as the movie Crash. Fate is the idea that the outcome of events are out of our control, that your life is predetermined. Both of these works use the idea that one cannot escape their fate, that it is set and nothing can change it. However, in Oedipus the King, Oedipus believes that he can escape or change his fate while the characters in Crash do not even try to. In the play, Oedipus the King, Oedipus believes that he canRead MoreParallels of Fate in Crash and Oedipus the King Essay1046 Words   |  5 Pageswhether fate is apart of our everyday lives have been going on since the ancient greeks to today. The movie Crash parallels to the play, Oedipus the King, in that both of the characters experience some form of fate in their lives. Henceforth, this essay will discuss the medias portrayal of fate and how it is indeed, a part of our everyday lives. In the novel, Oedipus The King, Oedipus father, Laius, met with the Oracle of Delphi who foretells him that his son will inevitably kill himRead MoreGreek Myth And Play Oedipus The King Essay1405 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the movie Lone Star, the influence of the Greek myth and play Oedipus the King play an important role in the movie line. The influence that Oedipus has on the characters of Lone Star causes the movie to become a modern interpretation of Sophocles’ infamous play. Although the two are different and remain unique in their own regards, there are several key aspects that unite the movie and play. Without the presence of boundaries, the issue of relationships and the influence of lies and secretsRead MoreCompare And Contrast Creon In Oedipus The King893 Words   |  4 Pagesking to free them from this curse. Sophocles’ Greek tragedy, Oedipus Rex, emphasizes the negative traits that Oedipus possess, by using a character foil named Creon. Jocastaà ¢â‚¬â„¢s brother, Creon, is introduced in the story when Oedipus accuses him of attempting to steal the throne. Creon’s positive and Oedipus’ negative impacts on Thebes are portrayed through their actions and character traits. Creon would be a better fit leader than Oedipus due to their positive and negative character traits. Such asRead MoreNorman Bates1736 Words   |  7 PagesSigmund Freud never was writing about the movie _Psycho_, theories of Freud, have a great connection with the personality of Norman Bates. According to Oedipus complex, by Sigmund Freud, it introduced the term for a child s libidinal attachment to the opposite sex parent, while experiencing jealousy and dislike of the same sex parent, as an expression of infantile sexuality. The character Norman Bates, in the movie _Psycho_, showed many signs of having an Oedipus complex when he murdered his mother and

The Pioneers An Analysis of the Character of Natty Bumppo

The Pioneers: An Analysis of the Character of Natty Bumppo The Pioneers is the first in a series of five books by James Fenimore Cooper, though in the time period that the five books covers, it is the fourth, chronologically. The most famous book in this series is The Last of the Mohicans. Together, the five books are known as the Leatherstocking Tales, as they tell the story of Natty Bumppo, who also went by the alias of Leatherstocking. The Pioneers, like the other books in the Leatherstocking Tales series, exemplifies the conflict between the white settlers of the early American frontier and the wilderness (and the native people who lived in it) that they were disrupting and displacing. The Pioneers, as the first book in the series, starts out on this subject immediately, with the wilderness and its spokesperson, Natty Bumppo, being the protagonists, and the settlers being portrayed not quite as antagonists, but as naive, ignorant, and often destructive toward the wilderness and i ts native people in the pursuit of their own interests. There is a definite conflict between individual freedom and social conformity in this book. It is shown through the interactions of Natty Bumppo and the settlers. The settlers are using methods of taming the wilderness to their own ends that show them to believe they and the wilderness can not co-exist. They look at the wilderness as dangerous and to be conquered and tamed so they can live in it. This is exemplified in their

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. Answer: Introduction: Cushing syndrome is caused by excessive production or exposure to the hormone cortisol. Elaborating more on the hormone cortisol, it can be mentioned that this hormone is produced by the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands in the human body and is responsible for many key physiological function of the body. This hormone plays fundamental roles in maintaining and regulating the functionality of the cardiovascular system and helps in the task of maintaining the blood pressure of the body. On a more elaborative note, it has to be mentioned that there is an intricate hormonal signalling framework invested in the process of hypercortisolism. The paraventricular nucleus present in the hypothalamus contains neuroendocrine neurons that secrete the corticotrophin releasing hormone or CRH (Brown et al., 2017). This hormone in turn controsl the secretin of adenocorticotropin hormone or ACTH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary glands. Now the feedback loop of both of the hormone affects the adrenal cortex and in turn affects the cortisol hormone. Now Cushings syndrome is characterized by the overproduction of cortisol hormone and there can be a few conditions that can lead to his phenomenon. A tumor is the most likely cause, either in the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, or somewhere else in case of ectopic Cushing syndrome. However another very common concern for overproduction of the hormone cortisol is the prolonged usage of the corticosteroids. In this case the patient had been suffering from rheumatoid arthritis from the age of 15 year, and had to undergo a prolonged period of corticosteroid therapy, hence for the patient, this the most plausible cause (Crespo Martn et al., 2016). Considering the incidence rate of the disease in Australia, the statistics reveal that 1-2 people per 100000 individuals are suffering from this disease. The prevalence of this disease in Australia is close to 40 per 100000 people. Considering the risk factors for this disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, corticosteroid therapy and tumors can be the most plausible ones. However, in this case the age and gender can also be important risk factors for this disease, as it is more commonly found in women rather than in men. The patient has been suffering from gastrointestinal bleeding, muscle weakness and fatigue due to this disease, it can impact her social and personal life. It might restrict her from participating in the day to day activities that she is usually accustomed with. Another very important impact of this disease is the localized obesity which can contribute to altered body image which can be a significant psychological burden on the patient and can impose social withdrawal and loss of self worth (De Freitas Luzia, de Goes Victor de Ftima Lucena, 2014). And the patient family might suffer emotionally and economically while attending to and watching their loved one suffer. There are various signs and symptoms that are associated with the Cushings syndrome and each of the signs contributes to the deterioration of the health and wellbeing of the patient. Among all different kinds of signs and symptoms, 5 key ones are, One of most conspicuously significant signs of the Cushings syndrome can be the moon face. It has to be understood that the hormonal imbalance caused by this particular disease in the body results into abnormal and localized fat deposition. The rounding of the face is due to the fat deposition around the face facilitated by increased fat metabolism due to cortisol imbalance and prolonged consumption of prednisone (Ejaz et al., 2011). The second sign or symptom that can be mentioned in this context is the abnormal weigh gain and abdominal obesity. It has to be mentioned that the imbalance in the feedback loop between the CRH, ACTH, and the increased concentration of the cortisol hormone often results into increased fat accumulation in the particular locations of the body, especially in the abdominal section resulting into a conspicuous abdominal obesity and can even lead to a fatty hump between the shoulders, which had been also reported in Maureen (Feelders et al., 2010). Another very important and signature sign or symptom for this disease is the onset of hypertension. The mechanism of hypertension or high blood pressure in the Cushings syndrome is facilitated by the hypersecretion of glucocorticoids. And along with that it has to be mentioned that increased cortisol levels in the body even leads to high mineralocorticoid secretion. Both of this cumulatively impact on cardiovascular regulatin and in turn cardiac output, hence resulting into hypertension. The impact of obesity and diabetes which is often associated with this disease and as is in this case as well, might also contribute to the increase in the blood pressure (Guaraldi Salvatori, 2012). Lastly fatigue and muscle weakness is the also a key sign or symptom of the disease is the muscle and bone weakness that is frequently observed in the patients. It has to be understood that the HPA hub or the hypothalamus-adrenal conjuncture helps to control the stress response and induction in the body. As he increased level of cortisol disrupts the equilibrium of the HPA hub functions, impacts the mucular dystrophy and causes muscle fatigue (Fleseriu Petersenn, 2015). The first class of drugs that can be given to the patient includes the steroid inhibitors like mifepristone. It has to be mentioned this is an abortifacientdrug that is used for helping the patients suffering from Cushings syndrome as a critical antagonist of steroidal medication. According to the research it is the second most favoured line of drugs in case of the treating or managing the symptoms of the Cushing syndrome. Exploring the mechanism of action of this class of drug it can be mentioned that it acts as the perfect antagonist to the glucocorticoids by the means of inhibiting the progestin receptors. This is the most favoured medication for patients who have diabetes type 2 along with Cushing syndrome and helps in regulating the ACTH levels in body as well. Along with that, this medication has been proved to act on the hypertension symptoms of the body as well making it the best choice for Maureen (Mazziotti, Gazzaruso Giustina, 2011). The second line of drugs that the patient will require will be for managing the imbalance of cortisol in the body, hence the first class of drugs that can be given to the patient is the cortisol lowering medication like the ketoconazole or Nizoral. It has to be mentioned in this context that ketoconazole is nothing but a synthetic imidazole that is the most favourable and frequently used medication for this disease. It has to be mentioned in this context that this is a potent antifungal antibiotic which acts exceptionally well in balancing the cortisol levels in the body. According to the research ketoconazole helps in the process of steroidogenesis and controls the production or exposure of the patient to corticosteroids and its impact that the overexposure will have on the pathophysiology of the patient. Elaborating on the pathophysiology of the mechanism of action that this medication, it can be mentioned that this acts like an inhibitor of the key enzymes and cytochromes in the p athway of production of the steroid hormones (Nieman, 2015). However, there are various side effects like the nausea, gastrointestinal bleeding, confusion, depression and even liver damage hence the dosage calculation needs to be very precise. The case study represents the condition of a young patient named Maureen Smith, who had been represented in the heath care facility with gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal pain and fatigue. The past medical history of the patient is presenting the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed at 15 years of age and type 2 diabetes. Based on the assessment data and the blood test results, it had been discovered that the most plausible diagnosis is Cushing syndrome. It has to be mentioned that Cushing syndrome is a common disorder caused by the overproduction of the hormone cortisol in the body (Pivonello et al., 2016). The medical term for this disease is hypercortisolism and it is a very common condition and can be facilitated by the fact overexposure to the hormone cortisol in the body. In this case the care plan for the patient will require to be completely based on the three key symptoms that the patient has been presented with and will also focus on the related psychosocial conce rns that the patient might face in the future. Care priority Nursing outcome Intervention Rationale Gastrointestinal bleeding and abdominal pain The patient will be relieved of the pain and the bleeding will cease completely The nursing profession will monitor the vital signs of the patient and will perform haemoglobin count check. Administration of diuretics and hypertensive medication like pantaprazole Move the patient into recovery position to ensure that the patient is relaxed and comfortable Vital signs will analyse the condition of the patient and haemoglobin count will be indicative of the accurate blood loss. The mediction will help reduce the blood pressure and will help in managing the blood loss The recovery position will calm the patient (Raff, H, Carroll, 2015). Muscle weakness and fatigue The patient will be relieved from the risk of injury due to weakness and fatigue Assessment of skin integrity to check for any skin redness, bumps or bleeding. Administering a fibre and antioxidant rich diet to help the patient regain energy and health (Tiryakioglu et al., 2010). High cortisol levels have detrimental impact on the skin integrity. A facultative energy inducing diet will help the patient overcome the weakness and fatigue. Risk for infection and pain The patient will be relieved from the risk of infection or any pain. Through assessment of the patient to check for any visible signs of infection Rapid and prompt diagnosis of the symptoms will be helpful to provide instant intervention. Altered body image and localised obesity. The patient will be accepting of the changes in her body image and will be relieved from any depression or loss of self worth. Engage the patient with positive therapeutic interaction about self worth and body image. Help her with personal grooming and CBT intervention to enhance her coping strategy. The engagement wil help her with her self imposed social isolation and will improve her perceptions of body image (Tritos, Biller Swearingen, 2011). The grooming and psychotherapy will help in overcoming any depression. References: Brown, D., Edwards, H., Seaton, L., Buckley, T. (2017).Lewis's Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier Health Sciences. Crespo Martn, I., Youdale, S. W., Valassi, E., Resmini, E. (2016). Neuropsychological evaluation of patients with acromegaly and Cushing's syndrome: Long-term effects. De Freitas Luzia, M., de Goes Victor, M. A., de Ftima Lucena, A. (2014). Nursing Diagnosis Risk for falls: prevalence and clinical profile of hospitalized patients.Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem,22(2), 262. Ejaz, S., Vassilopoulou?Sellin, R., Busaidy, N. L., Hu, M. I., Waguespack, S. G., Jimenez, C., ... Habra, M. A. (2011). Cushing syndrome secondary to ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion.Cancer,117(19), 4381-4389. Feelders, R. A., de Bruin, C., Pereira, A. M., Romijn, J. A., Netea-Maier, R. T., Hermus, A. R., ... de Herder, W. W. (2010). Pasireotide alone or with cabergoline and ketoconazole in Cushing's disease.New England Journal of Medicine,362(19), 1846-1848. Fleseriu, M. (2015). Medical treatment of Cushing disease: new targets, new hope.Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics,44(1), 51-70. Fleseriu, M., Petersenn, S. (2015). Medical therapy for Cushings disease: adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors and glucocorticoid receptor blockers.Pituitary,18(2), 245-252. Guaraldi, F., Salvatori, R. (2012). Cushing syndrome: maybe not so uncommon of an endocrine disease.The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine,25(2), 199-208. Mazziotti, G., Gazzaruso, C., Giustina, A. (2011). Diabetes in Cushing syndrome: basic and clinical aspects.Trends in Endocrinology Metabolism,22(12), 499-506. Nieman, L. K. (2015). Cushing's syndrome: update on signs, symptoms and biochemical screening.European journal of endocrinology,173(4), M33-M38. Pivonello, R., Isidori, A. M., De Martino, M. C., Newell-Price, J., Biller, B. M., Colao, A. (2016). Complications of Cushing's syndrome: state of the art.The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology,4(7), 611-629. Raff, H., Carroll, T. (2015). Cushing's syndrome: from physiological principles to diagnosis and clinical care.The Journal of physiology,593(3), 493-506. Tiryakioglu, O., Ugurlu, S., Yalin, S., Yirmibescik, S., Caglar, E., Yetkin, D. O., Kadioglu, P. (2010). Screening for Cushing's syndrome in obese patients.Clinics,65(1), 9-13. Tritos, N. A., Biller, B. M., Swearingen, B. (2011). Management of Cushing disease.Nature Reviews Endocrinology,7(5), 279.

Princess Diana Conspiracy free essay sample

One second you’re having the time of your life with your lover, the next minute you’re dead. This is almost exactly what happened with Princess Diana. The full story is that Princess Diana was in a car with her Muslim boyfriend named Dodi Fayed, Dodi’s bodyguard Trevor Rees-Jones, and a guy named Henri Paul. She and Dodi had just been staying at a Ritz hotel in Paris when they decided to leave with Henri Paul as their driver. Henri Paul was the head of security at the hotel that they had been staying at. As they were driving away they entered a tunnel called the Place de L’Alma. When they entered the tunnel Henri lost control of the vehicle and the car swerved into pillar supporting the roof of the tunnel at an estimated 65 miles per hour. The car then spun and hit the stone wall of the tunnel backwards before finally coming to a stop. The only survivor of the car crash was the body guard of Dodi. Princess Diana, soon to be queen of England, was just an average princess who was involved in politics as well as an Islam man (Dodi) who was the eldest son of a billionaire. Now as you can imagine, being a princess was not all fun and games. And this is clearly shown in a letter that Princess Diana wrote to a butler that used to work for her. Within this letter was a note which, in summary, said that her husband Prince Charles was planning to kill her in an automobile accident. Remember how Princess Diana died? Car crash. Coincidence? Some think so and some think otherwise. This note Diana wrote is a very strong piece of evidence for the people who believe that she had been murdered. Within the handwritten note contained a statement reading, â€Å"This particular phase in my life is the most dangerous my husband is planning an accident in my car, brake failure and serious head injury in order to make the path clear for him to marry Tiggy. Camilla is nothing but a decoy, so we are all being used by the man in every sense of the word. † How much of a coincidence is it that she died in a car accident? Let me help you understand how common a car accident happening to you is. The risk of dying in a car accident in the United Kingdom is 1 in 20,000. So would Diana be that 1 in 20,000? The butler had kept this note a secret and a close friend of Princess Diana named Lucia Flecha de Lima says that the butler was easily capable of imitating Diana’s handwriting. Why would Prince Charles want Diana dead? Well there are a couple of reasons, Diana had relations with a Muslim which would not have been good for English royalty. Another reason is that, as said in the letter, Charles wanted to marry Tiggy who was the nanny of another two princes of the U. K. So, as you can see, Princess Diana was not well-liked by British royalty because she was not doing what the family wanted her to be doing. Another important part of the analysis is to understand that Henri Paul was under the influence of alcohol. The French carried out blood tests that showed Henri’s blood alcohol level was three times the French legal limit. There was evidence that suggested Henri had only consumed two alcoholic drinks that night, but there was other evidence which showed he had drunk a lot more than just two alcoholic drinks. But, being the head of security, wouldn’t you think that he wanted Princess Diana to be safe? And knowing himself, he would have known that he was drunk. But maybe he wanted Princess Diana to be dead as well? Something very suspicious, but also easily disclaimed, in the case of Princess Diana’s death was a bright flash that was reported by eyewitnesses. The first witness had said that he saw a bright flash in the rearview mirror of the car he had been driving in. This witness’s statements were in conflict with his wife who said that she did not see the flash, but she was not looking through the rearview mirror. Another point made by French detectives was that the witness had been driving around a difficult bend to get out of the tunnel when he saw the supposed flash. The second witness was an American tourist named Brian Anderson who told detectives he saw a bright flash coming from the tunnel too. There were also other eyewitnesses who reported a bright flash but there also several witness who would have been expected to have seen a blinding flash but they said nothing of the sort. The Royal Family would certainly have enough money to pay these witnesses off, but who’s to say that there was no bright flash? Moreover, contributing to the conspiracy of Princess Diana’s death was that there was an absence of images from fourteen cameras that had been in the tunnel, yet none have recorded footage of the fatal collision. This contributes to the conspiracy because there was an absence of fourteen recordings of the night Diana died. This is cited evidence of an organized conspiracy. On the other hand, all of the cameras had been pointing towards buildings. So there would not have been any recorded footage of the crash because they were not even facing where the accident occurred. In one case of a camera it was above the underpass and would have shown the accident happening, but the department that owned the camera had closed the night before a few hours before the accident happened so there were no made recordings. Furthermore, a man named Richard Tomlinson who was an MI6 agent reported that Henri Paul was working for MI6 as well as Dodi’s bodyguard Trevor Rees-Jones. MI6 is, essentially, the FBI of Britain. Richard had said that MI6 was watching over Diana before her death and that her death had mirrored plans he saw for a 1992 assassination of the president of Serbia which required using a light to blind the driver. This claim was later discredited and Tomlinson was eventually arrested by French authorities, not before they found other evidence that there were some evidence of surveillance of Diana from phone calls. Needless to say, it is easy to delete information and evidence. But it is also weird for an intelligence agency called MI6 to kill their own future queen. All of Tomlinson’s claims were later discredited by evidence the French police â€Å"found†. A final claim in this analysis of Princess Diana’s death is that a car had hit the car that Princess Diana had been in causing it to swerve and thereby crash into the side of the tunnel. It was later found out that a French journalist named Jean-Paul Andanson had owned the car that left traces of paint on Diana’s car. But the finding of Jean-Paul Andanson as the driver of the car that had left traces on Diana’s car was later found out to be false because Jean-Paul was at his home at the time of the crash. You might think, â€Å"oh well I guess he was not the driver of the vehicle that had hit Diana’s car†, but how easy it for French authorities to cover up James Andanson’s hitting of Diana’s car? Very easy. Something that goes along with this claim is that James Andanson committed â€Å"suicide† just a few months after Princess Diana’s death. His body was found in a black, burned up BMW in a forest south of Paris with the doors locked and no sign of the car keys. Andanson’s relatives and close friends all were interviewed only to find out that he had been talking about suicide long before Princess Diana died. When the investigators looked at the scene of Andanson’s suicide they found out that his head decapitated and was on the floor between the two front seats. Not only this, but there was a hole in his left temple which was supposedly caused by the fire than a bullet. Contributing to this already strange claim, was the fact that Andanson had just been offered a new job and his family all thought that he was in high spirits. His family actually ended up trying to get French officials to conduct a murder investigation into his death but they never did. As you can see, there is a lot of evidence that points to the fact that Princess Diana’s death was not accidental. But there is a lot of evidence that disproves the claims of her murder. It was a weird scenario and nobody will ever know what actually happened to Diana because there are good arguments from both sides of the claims. From a letter that Diana wrote herself, to a man who supposedly committed suicide in his car through intense heat but somehow his head came off his body with a hole in it. This conspiracy is very suspicious and there are other claims that I did not talk about which also point to Diana being murdered. All in all, it’s up to you to decide how she died and what claims or evidence to believe. Works Cited Diana jury blames paparazzi and Henri Paul for her unlawful killing'. Daily Telegraph. 7 April 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2013. Marteau, Stephanie. The Conspiracy of Princess Dianas Death.   The Conspiracy of Princess Dianas Death. Television Documentary. Diana murdered, Al Fayed claims, BBC News, 18 February 2008 Lord Stevens demands apology for Al Fayed allegations that he failed to properly investigate Dianas death',  Evening Standard, 15 February 2008 Ex-spy speaks to Diana inquiry, BBC News, 28 August 1998

Angelou, Maya Essay Example For Students

Angelou, Maya Essay Sergejs Golubevs. Mrs.Dunton. Engl.82Maya Angelou. Maya Angelou, born April 4, 1928 as Marguerite Johnson in St. Louis, was raised in segregated rural Arkansas. She is a poet, historian, author, actress, playwright, civil-rights activist, and director. She has been working at Wake Forest University in north Carolina since 1981.She has published ten best selling books and numerous magazine articles earning her Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award nomination. At the request of President Clinton, she wrote and delivered a poem at his 1993 presidential inauguration. Whole her life, Maya Angelou has been trying to make something special in the poetry, history and in the film industry of the Africa-American women. Dr, Angelou, who speaks French, Spanish, Italian and West African Fanti, began her career in drama and dance. In 1940 she and her brother moved to San Francisco to be with their mother, who had remarried. She gave birth to her son Clyde Johnson, just a few month after graduating a high school in 1945.At 22, she married Tosho Angelos, a former sailor of Greek descent, but she left her marriage two and half years later and set out to become a professional dancer. Maya Angelou spent her formative years shuttling between St. Louis, Arkansas and San Francisco. She worked as an editor for The Arab observer, an English-language weekly published Cairo. Maya Angelou lived in Accra, Ghana, where Sergejs Golubevs under the black nationalist regime of Karane Nkrumah she taught music, dance, and. studied cinematography in Sweden. In the 1960s, at the request of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Ms Angelou became the northern coordinator for the southern Leadership Conference. She Commission on the Observance of International womens Year. Maya Angelou, poet, was among the first African -American woman to hit the bestseller lists with her I know Why the Caged bird Sings helds the Great Hall audience spellbound with stories of her own childhood. Maya Angelous second achievement was in 1971 when she produced Just Give Me a Cool Drink of water Fore I Die, in 1975Oh Pray My Wings Are Going to Fit Me Well, in 1979And I Still Rise, and in 1983 Shaker Why Dont You Sing. She ranged from story to poem to song and back again, and her theme was love and the universality of all lives. The honorary duty of a human being is to love, Angelou said. She spoke of her early love for William Shakespeares works, and offered her audience excerpts from the poems of several African-Americans, including James Weldon Johnson and Paul Lawrence Dunbar. But always, she came back to love -and humanity. I am human, Angelou said, quoting from her own work, and nothing human can be alien to me.In the sixties, at the request of Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr., she became the Northern coordinator for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and in 1975, she received the Ladies Home Journal Woman of the Year award in communications. She received numerous honorary degrees and was appointed by President Jimmy Carter to the Sergejs Golubevs National Commission on the Observance of International Womans Year and by President Ford to the American Revolutionary Bicentennial Advisory Council. She is one the board of the American Film Institute and is one of the few female members of the Directors Guild. In the film industry, through her work in script writing and directing, Maya Angelou has been a groundbreaker for black woman .in television; she has made hundreds of appearances. Her best-selling autobiographical account of her youth, I Know Why the Cage Bird sings, won critical acclaim in 1970and was a two-hour TV special on CBS. She has written and produced several prize winning documentaries, including Afro-Americans in the Arts, a PBS special for which she received the Golden eagle Award. She was also nominated for an Emmy Award for her acting in Roots, and her screenplay Georgia, Georgia was the first by a black woman to be filmed. In theatre, she produced, directed and starred in Cabaret for Freedom In collaboration with godfrey Cambridge at New Yorks Village Gate; starred in Genets The Blacks: | at St Marks Playhouse; and adapted Sophocles Ajax which premiered in Los Angeles in 1974. She wrote the original screenplay for Georgia, Georgia and wrote and produced a ten part TV s eries on African traditions in American life. Maya Angelou is currently Reynolds Professor at Wake Forest University, Winston -Salem, North Carolina. Whole her life Maya Angelou has been trying to make something special in the poetry, history, and in the film industry of the Africa-American women. Maya Angelou made a lot for American civilization, and each Americans really looks up on Maya Angelous life, and on all that things that she has done. .u473412b044e97292e5647012304971e6 , .u473412b044e97292e5647012304971e6 .postImageUrl , .u473412b044e97292e5647012304971e6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u473412b044e97292e5647012304971e6 , .u473412b044e97292e5647012304971e6:hover , .u473412b044e97292e5647012304971e6:visited , .u473412b044e97292e5647012304971e6:active { border:0!important; } .u473412b044e97292e5647012304971e6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u473412b044e97292e5647012304971e6 { display: block; transition: backgroun d-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u473412b044e97292e5647012304971e6:active , .u473412b044e97292e5647012304971e6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u473412b044e97292e5647012304971e6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u473412b044e97292e5647012304971e6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u473412b044e97292e5647012304971e6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u473412b044e97292e5647012304971e6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u473412b044e97292e5647012304971e6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u473412b044e97292e5647012304971e6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .u473412b044e97292e5647012304971e6 .u473412b044e97292e5647012304971e6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u473412b044e97292e5647012304971e6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Growin Up In the Hood Essay

Of Mice and Men Essays - English-language Films, Of Mice And Men

Of Mice and Men Question: The theme of loneliness is one that is all pervading in Of Mice and Men. Discuss this statement with references to both the novel and the film. The theme of loneliness features throughout many scenes in Of Mice and Men and is often the dominant theme of sections during this story. This theme occurs during many circumstances but is not present from start to finish. In my mind for a theme to be pervasive is must be present during every element of the story. There are many themes that are present most of the way through such as sacrifice, friendship and comradship. But in my opinion there is only one theme that is present from beginning to end, this theme is pursuit of dreams. There are many characters where lonliness is evident throughout parts or all of their life. But all of these characters who appear to be lonely only tend to play a minor role in the story. This is not to say that they are insignificant but they help to convey the feelings and emotions that surround the major characters rather than their own. Characters like Curley's wife and Crooks are unmistakably lonely, but they show how their lonliness is the opposite of the two main characters, George and Lennie. Crooks actually states that George and Lennie have got each other but he hasn't got anyone. Curley's wife portrays the same message but under different circumstances. There are really no other main characters besides George and Lennie. From reading the novel and watching the film it is clearly evident in most cases that all of the support characters appear to be lonely. Therefore lonliness is quite a strong and influential theme in the story but it only features as a bakground theme and is not always present at critical stages. Themes such as sacrifice, comradship and freindship feature under very similar circumstances as lonliness but are also evident within the main characters. Candy made a sacrifice when he decided to have his ageing debilitated dog killed. But afterwards he regreted not having killed the dog himself, possibly having killed it at all. Just as when George killed Lennie, he knew it had to be done but he just kept making up excuses to avoid the inevitable. George made that sacrifice but unlike Candy he knew that if Lennie was to be killed he had to do it himself. The issue is morals, if there is such a thing as a moraly correct way to kill somebody thats how George did it, because during that time period in America there was not the resources nor facilities to deal with characters such as Lennie so drastic measures had to be taken. People were very narrow minded during that time period and often only thought of their own safety. George knew that Lennie would be killed anyway by Curly under very violent and tragic circumstances. So George made a decision to kill Lennie himself under the most peaceful circumstances as possible. This is where comradship is evident, George and Lennie were loyal to each other and stood by each other through thick and thin. Frienship can also be linked to the comradship, as, often at times when sacrifice or comradship occurs the theme of friendship arises. The reason for this is that all of these three themes are strongly linked together throughout Of Mice and Men. These three themes combined with hate can even be described as pervasive. Whenever one occurs it can usually be assumed the it will lead to another or possibly two of them in tandem. In my opinion there is only one theme that can be described as pervasive to the story: the pursuit of a dream. Or more correctly the pursuit of an unrealistic dream. This theme appears time and time again and helps to display how demoralising an unrealistic dream can be. Nearly every influencing character in the story has a dream which they cannot realistically fulfil. During the period of the Great Depression many of these characters were struggling for survival and having a dream was something that kept them going through tough times. But in the long run this eventually lead to their demise. George,

Infection Control Essays - Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases

Infection Control Part I: Infection Control Sara King Bryant Stratton College AHLT 230: Medical Laboratory Cheryl Nickerson FNP-BC May 23, 2013 In the medical field/profession it is important to maintain asepsis as it is critical to the health and safety for both patients and health-care professionals. Asepsis, a condition free from germs, infection and any form of life, (Davis, 2005, p.196). Using the proper aseptic precautions medical assistants can help prevent the spread of disease by causing a break in the infection cycle. Such proper precautions include the proper hand washing, utilizing the proper personal protective equipment (PPE), and the use of techniques in disinfecting and sterilization. The most common use of asepsis would be the washing of hands that a medical assistant does on a regular basis in-between patients, will reduce the risk of a patient catching something such as a cold from a previous patient that was already seen. PPE include the use of latex gloves, gowns, eye goggles will help protect the MA from coming in contact with bodily fluids like urine and saliva that could have an infected bacteria. As we can see the infection cycle can-not be stopped permanently but it can be slowed down. This diagram shows six steps however the reading material assigned for the class has only five step. In order for an infection to occur there must be certain elements involved and all must be present for the cycle to work. There are five elements in the infection cycle: (1) reservoir host, (2) means of exit, (3) means of transmission, (4) means of entrance and (5) susceptible host, (Booth, Whicker, Wyman and Wright, 2011, p.670). The reservoir host can be classified as either an insect, animal or a human that is capable of getting a pathogen growth. A pathogen is what invades the reservoir host and is where the infection cycle begins. The next step of this awful cycle is when the infection has exited the carriers body. This can be passed by a number of ways such as the mouth, nose, eyes and ears as well as bodily fluid like blood or blood from open wounds. After the infection leaves the host by exiting it then has to find a way of transmission. When transmission occurs it can be done in two ways, direct or indirect from one host to another. Direct transmission happens when it im mediately leaves the main host by coming in contact with an infected person or by a discharge, such as saliva, from an infected person, (Booth, et al, 2011, p.670). Indirect transmission can only be done if the pathogens are able to leave on their own and then the pathogens can only survive if a new host encounters it. There are six ways of means for transmission: (1) airborne, (2) blood borne, (3) during a pregnancy, (4) foodborne, (5) vector-borne and (6) touching, (Booth et al, 2011, p.670-671). Once the pathogen finds a means of transmission it then has to find an entrance in-order to enter into the next host. The pathogen can actually enter the same way of the means of exiting. The last step of this cycle is that the pathogen found a new susceptible host where it may or may not keep the infection going for a repeat. There are five agents of infection that cause us to be sick: viruses, bacteria, fungi, prions and helminths. Viruses can be in many different forms, pathogens that live inside a cell, and once it has infected a host it can multiply. Example, chickenpox (varicella) with an incubation period of seven to twenty-one days as its very contagious. This viral infection in when the hosts body is covered in an itchy-red rash and the bumps the turn into fluid like blister that will break and scab over during the incubation time frame, (Booth et al, 2011, p.660). Not only do viruses infect cells, bacteria can make us just as sick when it hits various parts of the body by infecting the tissues in those areas. Illnesses are caused by bacteria infections but can be treated when given the correct antibiotics for that illness you may have. Diphtheria is one type of bacteria and it affects mainly the nose, throat and larynx. This

Disconfirmation of expectation model Essay Example

Disconfirmation of expectation model Essay Example Disconfirmation of expectation model Paper Disconfirmation of expectation model Paper A customer went Into a restaurant what require her driven a long distance and waited 15 minutes for a table. She expected it to be good. However, the restaurant was dirty, the table service was poor and the high-price meal was overcooked. Dissatisfaction felt by this customer because the restaurants service performance was not as good as what the customer expected, then there was a negative discrimination between expectations and perceptions which causes dissatisfaction. Nowadays, food industry is rapidly growing. In such competitive industry, those with more important in attracting customers satisfaction from different aspects. In discrimination model, People use standards of assessment in Judging products or service such as predictive, desires, need and norms (Spring, 2003). And company use this to measure customer satisfaction. Lovelace describes that Expectancy- Discrimination Paradigm has two famous variables that are expectation and perceived performance. They are defended for two distinct time periods. Expectation is related to the pre purchase time period that customer has initial expectation about pacific performance. For example, customer expected the restaurant has good table service. Perceived performance is related to the after purchase time period that once the product or service has been used, outcomes the customer had. For instance, the meal was overcook in that restaurant. The different between expectation and perceived experience Is termed as discrimination of expectation. As the result of difference between expectation and perceived experience, discrimination of expectation can be positive or negative. Oliver (1980) proposed hat a customer is satisfied or dissatisfied depend on the positive or negative difference between expectations and perceptions. In other words, when perceived performance Is better than what the customer desire, the positive discrimination occurs. For example, customer are happy when the restaurants meals are delicious and the seats are comfortable. When perceived performance is as expected, confirmation occurs. In contrast, when perceived performance is not as good as what the customer desire or expected, negative discrimination occurs. Customer are experimented when the table service is rude and the foods are terrible. Moreover, according to the research, Spring (2003) showed that there are two methods- Delete Difference Model (ADAM) and Direct Effects Model (DEEM), that worked well In measuring discrimination of customers expectation and desire. For example, the restaurant delivery of right meals in the right time with the right quality is a good way to attracting the customers satisfaction. At this time, restaurant can use ADAM method to measure customers expectation accurately. Recommendations ROR expectations and actual product performance.

Free Essays on African American Discrimination

All my life I’ve been sheltered from the world, that is, until I entered high school. In my home, elementary school, and in middle school I had the idea that racism and prejudice was over, just because slavery was over. That’s what it was before high school: cut and dry, no slavery, therefore, no racism. I thought that the idea of someone being discriminated against because of the color of his or her skin was, well, I didn’t really think about it. That is until I walked into this school. This school opened my eyes to see that everyone is discriminated against. The problem was I didn’t really know why. All I could think of was African–American people were upset because of their ancestors being enslaved. Our civil rights study really did show me how things were, and it has given me a better understanding of why the world is the way it is. I like the way that our class was able to talk about it openly without anyone getting defensive, itâ€⠄¢s nice to know that we actually have civil people in this school. What I’m trying to say is that this study of civil rights helped me. It wasn’t just another assignment to do; it was an assignment that I looked forward to doing because I honestly knew nothing. I feel now that I know enough to carry an intelligent conversation with another person, and actually know what I’m talking about. And that means it was a great lesson.... Free Essays on African American Discrimination Free Essays on African American Discrimination All my life I’ve been sheltered from the world, that is, until I entered high school. In my home, elementary school, and in middle school I had the idea that racism and prejudice was over, just because slavery was over. That’s what it was before high school: cut and dry, no slavery, therefore, no racism. I thought that the idea of someone being discriminated against because of the color of his or her skin was, well, I didn’t really think about it. That is until I walked into this school. This school opened my eyes to see that everyone is discriminated against. The problem was I didn’t really know why. All I could think of was African–American people were upset because of their ancestors being enslaved. Our civil rights study really did show me how things were, and it has given me a better understanding of why the world is the way it is. I like the way that our class was able to talk about it openly without anyone getting defensive, itâ€⠄¢s nice to know that we actually have civil people in this school. What I’m trying to say is that this study of civil rights helped me. It wasn’t just another assignment to do; it was an assignment that I looked forward to doing because I honestly knew nothing. I feel now that I know enough to carry an intelligent conversation with another person, and actually know what I’m talking about. And that means it was a great lesson....

Introduction to Functions in C#

Introduction to Functions in C# In C#, a function is a way of packaging code that does something and then returns the value.  Unlike in C, C and some other languages, functions do not exist by themselves. They are part of an object-oriented approach to programming. A program to manage spreadsheets might include a sum() function as part of an object, for example. In C#, a function can be called a member function- it is a member of a class- but that terminology is left over from C. The usual name for it is a method. The Instance Method There are two types of methods: instance method and static method. This introduction covers the instance method. The example below defines a simple class and calls it Test. This example is a simple console program, so this is allowed. Usually, the first class defined in the C# file must be the form class. Its possible to have an empty class like this class Test { }, but it isnt useful. Although it looks empty, it- like all C# classes- inherits from the Object that contains it and includes a default constructor  in the main program. var t new Test(); This code works, but it wont do anything when run except create an instance t of the empty test class. The code below adds a function, a method that outputs the word Hello. using System;namespace funcex1{class Test{public void SayHello(){Console.WriteLine(Hello) ;}}class Program{static void Main(string[] args){var t new Test() ;t.SayHello() ;Console.ReadKey() ;}}} This code example includes Console.ReadKey(), so when it runs, it displays the console window and awaits a key entry such as Enter, Space or Return (not the shift, Alt or Ctrl keys). Without it, it would open the console Window, output Hello and then close all in the blink of an eye. The function SayHello is about as simple a function as you can have. Its a public function, which means the function is visible from outside  the class. If you remove the word public and try to compile the code, it fails with a compilation error funcex1.test.SayHello() is inaccessible due to its protection level. If you add the word private where the word public was and recompile, you get the same compile error. Just change it back to public. The word void in the function means that the function does not return any values. Typical Function Definition Characteristics Access level: public, private plus some othersReturn value: void or any type such as intMethod Name: SayHelloAny method parameters: none for now. These are defined in the brackets () after the method name The code for the definition of another function, MyAge(), is: public int MyAge(){return 53;} Add that right after the SayHello() method in the first example and add these two lines before Console.ReadKey(). var age t.MyAge();Console.WriteLine(David is {0} years old,age); Running the program now outputs this: Hello David is 53 years old, The var age t.MyAge(); call to the method returned the value 53. Its not the most useful function. A more useful example is the spreadsheet Sum function with an array of ints, the start index and the number of values to sum. This is the function: public float Sum(int[] values, int startindex, int endindex){var total 0;for (var indexstartindex; indexendindex; index){total values[index];}return total;} Here are three use cases. This is the code to add in Main() and call to test the Sum function. var values new int[10] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10};Console.WriteLine(t.Sum(values,0,2)); // Should be 6Console.WriteLine(t.Sum(values,0,9)); // should be 55Console.WriteLine(t.Sum(values,9,9)); // should be 10 as 9th value is 10 The For loop adds up the values in the range startindex to endindex, so for startindex 0 and endindex2, this is the sum of 1 2 3 6. Whereas for 9,9, it just adds the one values[9] 10. Within the function, the local variable total is initialized to 0 and then has the relevant parts of the array values added.

An Investigation of the CSI Effect Research Paper

An Investigation of the CSI Effect - Research Paper Example To attain the capacity to respond to the expectations of the courtroom, the government needs to equip the law enforcement agencies with the latest technology, as well as distribute resources necessary to equip the investigation agencies with the recent equipment in forensic science. These expectations also call for exemplary improvements in our nation's crime laboratories to keep pace with the increased demand for forensic analysis and minimize backlogs of evidence. Shelton’s (2008) study further established an increased need to equip players of the courtroom drama with better ways to respond to the expectations of the Jurors in an incidence of lack of scientific evidence. The prosecutors should learn other ways to support witness statements when there is no exhibit for the purpose (Shelton, 2008). Making a distinct observation that some of these expectations are forcing the prosecutors to spend most of their time explaining to the Jurors what type of scientific evidence is necessary in a case. Prosecutors have introduced a new witness in criminal cases called the â€Å"negative evidence† witness, whose function is to explain to the Jury that investigators were unable to collect any evidence from the crime scene (Dioso-Villa, 2009). Dioso-Villa’s (2009) argument is that â€Å"the CSI has exposed the activities of the investigators and law enforcement officers, which is what they look for at a crime scene to solve a crime.†

Portfolio task Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Portfolio task Human Resource Management - Essay Example The running of this organization relied much on the research services my team offered in evaluating the social needs that the population had, device and advise on appropriate policies to undertake the relevant adjustments. Moreover, as a research team, we were involved in managing a database for the organization’s beneficially and issue identification cards through which the organization would track the frequency of using the facilities by the members and carry out periodical analysis for possible improvements. The success of our role as a team was therefore dependent on various factors, which were intrinsic to members, as well as other environmental factors. Though our team had a temporal assignment with the organization, success in the task assigned was mandatory. The team comprised of various players such as organizers and supervisors, coordinators as well as team workers who attended to different tasks as assigned. A general review of the performance of the team revealed a great success in the mandate assigned having completed the exercise a month earlier than the expected time and satisfactorily having delivered as required. The analysis however revealed the success to be explained by team behavior as against such factors as the intellect of the members. Nevertheless, we can no refute the strategic role played by skills and competencies exhibited by the members in handling the technical roles assigned. Each behavior portrayed by the team had a strategic and specific role to play in the overall success of the team as recorded (Cohen, 1993, p. 1-3). The ability of the team to combine ideas before the onset of the team as a functional unit reveals a high level of sense of commitment and obligation. Moreover, the team had a well-organized leadership structure through which the management was carried out. Incorporation of new members wherever needed had a specific structure which ensured the correct skills and competencies needed were sought and harnesse d. Inter as well as intra team relations between the team members and other teams within the organization would be equally commended for the good performance of the team as noted. According to literature, the success of any team rests on such factors as cooperation and efforts of individual member. Moreover, teams do not behave, think or feel while the persons making up the team do. In this respect, teams have no obligations as distinct entities but rather, their successes depend of the factors inherent on team members. Therefore, the success from our team would therefore be explained by the good coordination as well as the individual traits to the members. Task 2 [The Coca-Cola limited (UK) is a constituent retail multinational organization which specializes in manufacture and sale of soft drinks across the globe. Having been in existence over many decades, the organization has had great exposure within the beverage industry and thus commands great mastery of business operations wi thin the industry ( more than the emergent competitors command). The retail organization has employed thousands of persons in the UK and has numerous retail outlets within the country. This paper intends to analyze the operations of the retail organization with a special attention of its operations within the United Kingdom. Its official website URL is http://www.coca-cola.co.uk/.] The company specializes in manufacturing drink concentrates as well as syrups, which are later

Ship Of Ghosts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ship Of Ghosts - Essay Example It was the flagship of the US Asiatic Fleet and in World War II was responsible for holding back and delaying the Japanese from taking over Indonesia. The book narrates the exploits of the Houston until she sinks after a desperate and overwhelming battle with the Japanese forces in 1942, in the Java Sea. The first part of the book describes the naval combat with description of war like booming guns, falling bombs, torpedoes, etc. Hornfischer brings to life the battle as he describes the terror of nighttime naval battles where decks become slaughterhouses and the superhuman effort of the crew as they escape disaster after disaster only to be unlucky in the end when they are hopelessly outnumbered. "Son, we’re going to Hell." These words of the navigator of the USS Houston turn out to be prophetic. The men were forced to abandon the ship and are captured by the Japanese. They were then moved from one camp to another and finally end up in a labor camp in the jungles of Burma. In the second part of the book, the narrative shifts gears and follows the several hundred survivors of the ship to the Japanese POW camps in Southeast A sia. Here it focuses on the labor camps and the sub-human existence of the survivors for over three years, under the barbaric Japanese in the labor camps put up to build the Burma-Thailand Railway. The author describes how the prisoners develop a different kind of heroism when they are without weapons, when starvation stares at them and when they face the brutality of the Japanese guards. At the camps the prisoners suffered from over work, malnutrition, tropical diseases and rotting wounds. Their survival at that point of time depended on their ability to withstand humiliation and hardships without complaining. The author portrays all this beautifully when he writes about the small acts of courage like the stealing of an egg or a can of condensed milk

Civilian Contractors on the Battlefield Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Civilian Contractors on the Battlefield - Essay Example The following discussion is going to explore the ethical problems, whilst defining the actual position of a civilian contractor on the battlefield. Also it will consider the security problems in depending on civilian personnel, because there interest is in the monetary value of their service rather than the loyalty and security of a nation4. Therefore this may jeopardize the security of battle planning, because if civilian contractors are working on a business level then if the opposition offered a better business deal then these civilian contractors become a breach in the US military strategy5. In the first place the role of the civilian contractor can be seen as military personal as the Hague Convention of 1907 allows that other persons can be combatant in a time of war than just military personnel. Therefore under the Geneva Convention these individuals will be afforded the protections as prisoners of war. This means that on the ethical grounds of using contractors on the battlefield, governments such as the USA can legitimately affirm their use. In essence under the Hague Convention and the Geneva Convention these individuals are in fact quasi-military, i.e. ... ercenaries.7 British Human Rights lawyer Helen Kennedy has illustrated that there is vast problems with the USA naming freedom fighters, armed guerrillas who are not part of a state army as terrorists in order to punish them through vengeance ethically and a breach of humanitarian law. We [the UK] should not be tempted to take the American route There should never be a direct role for victims in punishment. If victims have a direct say in sentencing decisions, how will consistency be achieved between the victim bent on vengeance and the person willing to forgive8 The actions of the US authorities in Guantanamo Bay are an example of a nation of victims having a say in the punishment of possibly innocent people and these victims have no objectivity and mass cruelty and torture is happening. This is happening of civilians that have taken up arms to protect themselves and named terrorists. How does the US government legitimize civilian contractors who are getting paid for there services on one hand, but not freedom fighters on the other The distinction does not make legal or ethical sense, because morally a freedom fighter has a better argument for their actions and to become a war prisoner protected under the Geneva Convention than does the civilian contractor.9 Finally, the security issues that the uses of civilian contractors raise are vast. In the first instance is a contractor is being highly paid there are business reasons for their use on the battlefield.10 Therefore is it not conceivably possible that if the contractor is offered a higher price on the opposition, the needs of the business and money outweigh loyalty Secondly, there is the possibility that there will be infiltration by the opposition through the use of civilian contractors; especially in the case

Short answers,Times New Roman,font size 10.5 Coursework

Short answers,Times New Roman,font size 10.5 - Coursework Example Moreover, there is an innovative aspect based on the process need that is otherwise deemed to be a weak link evidenced in every process. It is characterized by the fact that the majority intends to move around the problem instead of making an attempt towards the success of the success of an enterprise solution. Ultimately, Drucker also contributes to the development, demographics that constituted the population size structure and employment background and a new knowledge with advanced scientific assumptions thus creating new products and new market demands (Mitra 25) Mitra (25), points out at various attributes how technology has contributed towards the realization of entrepreneurial activities. The fundamental technological advancement is critical in the advancement of scientific understanding of entrepreneurial activities. Besides, it has contributed to the initiation of different kinds of industries that are either owned privately or by the state. Moreover, technology has also played a vital role in the conceptualization of feedbacks from the already existing enterprise while utilizing the results to enhance further technological advancements. On a number of occasions, government policies are seen as barriers to innovative aspects and entrepreneurial developments. In essence, a change in certain policies of the government often has devastating effects towards the success of entrepreneurial activities. According to Mitra (28), the government for setting up various policies and deployment of resources that are also characterized by incentive-oriented strategies thus most likely to affect the forces of the market demands. Mitra (33) explains that an economic equilibrium theory may not give a proper understanding of the entrepreneurial relationship because it mainly concentrates on the production function. Moreover, it concerns rationalization choice

Participant roles and purposes Essay Example for Free

Participant roles and purposes Essay In talking about social situations and participants, Goffman suggests that situations move forward in accomplishing Ð ° goal or purpose because the participants come to Ð ° working consensus about the nature of the situation: Together the participants contribute to Ð ° single overall definition of the situation which involves not so much Ð ° real agreement as to what exists but rather Ð ° real agreement as to whose claims concerning what issues will be temporarily honored (1959: 9-1o). The working consensus of most teacher-student meetings is realized through the expectations and obligations of the role of teacher and student. These roles have mirroring expectations (the actions others can insist we perform) and obligations (the actions we can insist others perform) (Goffman 1967: 126). For example, the obligations of the student roleto read, to take exams, to attend classesare expectations of the teacher role. The expectations of the student roleto receive information, to be given fair exams, to be graded on the basis of meritare the obligations of the professor role. Thus these roles become interdependent; the expectations and obligations are complementary and in service to each other. In their interviews, both the Professor and the Student focus on the expectations and obligations of their respective roles as teacher and student, They both articulated the role of the Student as checking on an assignment (getting information) and making sure the Student had Ð ° clear understanding of the Professors expectations (giving information). The Professor: My view of the meeting was that І was there to answer [the Students] questions, not that І was there to tell him anything. І think thats why І started the meeting by looking expectantly at him. The Student explained his purpose: My purpose was to make sure І understood the assignment correctly and was going in the right direction. The paper was supposed to be handed in during class, and І held it back because І wanted her to check it first. If she approved, then fine, І would hand it in. І knew the ASL would be hard to understand, so І wanted to ask if І should go ahead with the ASL story or follow the English interpretation. When asked if they thought the meeting was successful, that expectations and obligations were met, both responded affirmatively. They explain in their own words. The Professor: The meeting was successful. Nobody yelled at anybody. [The Student] came to get information and he got it. The laughter, І think the laughter is my signal that everything is going well. І felt [the Student] knew what he was supposed to do. The Student: She read my story and seemed satisfied with it. І knew she wanted me to improve it and bring it back with thirty copies. Yes, the meeting was successful. Although the Professor comments on the interactional success, nobody yelled at anybody as well, both speakers are attentive to the primary purpose, and their ensuing obligations, of Ð ° teacher-student meeting. As the next chapter demonstrates, many of the Professors and the Students motivations for speaking or taking Ð ° turn center on their expectations or obligations of their social roles, their roles define their purpose for meeting and constitute how they will interact and how their meanings are represented in talk. The Interpreters role is to interpret. In general, the role of an interpreter is to make possible communication between people who do not speak the same language. The Interpreter defined his role, what he says it always is, as working to have effective communication, for people to communicate. However, when asked if he thought the meeting went well, he offered Ð ° perspective that was not centered on whether or not the participants had effective communication: Yes, because І think [the Students] goals were achieved, in getting some ideas across and talking about some issues. That he understood where she was coming from and she understood where he was coming from Although this response is vague and unfortunately not further clarified; there are some indications as to what the Interpreter is referring. When the Interpreter mentions [the Students] goals were achieved, it appears that the Interpreter assumes goals other than getting an assignment reviewed. He continues by adding getting ideas across and talking about some issues, but the only issue mentioned previously by the Interpreter is connected to people communicating. The Interpreter never mentioned checking the assignment or the Student getting information on how to analyze the narrative, nor did he mention the Professors obligations she might have for meeting with students. Because both primary participants are involved with the study of language and because the study of ASL as Ð ° natural language was still Ð ° relatively new idea, many conversations with linguists who study spoken languages come around to the topic of the differences between Ð ° signed language and Ð ° spoken language. At the time, the status of ASL as Ð ° language in the larger world community was not firmly established, nor was the status of Deaf persons as member’s of Ð ° linguistic and ethnic minority. That these issues particularly affect interpreters can be demonstrated by reading newsletters and journals published at the time in the interpreting field, as well as by attendance at meetings and conferences. These debates and discussions are often referred to with phrases such as getting ideas across and talking about issues, so І can suggest the possibility that the interpreter is referring to these potentially explosive arguments about the acceptance of American Sign Language as Ð ° natural language. Fortunately, this is not an issue with the Professor, as the Interpreter acknowledges: Shes obviously educated [about Deaf people] in that shes familiar with deafness and Deaf people because she explained the outgoing message on the answering machine, things that are very hearing culture and so І think that in some regards she took care of all that. Although he acknowledges that the Professor is familiar with deafness and Deaf people, it is also his focus on her adaptations to the Student that remain primary in his reflection on the interpreted event. The answering machine was Ð ° few seconds of small talk before the more important discussion of the Students narrative and transcript. The Interpreters focus on getting ideas across and taking care of cultural differences reflects what is Ð ° central concern of interpreters in their role, the notions of equality and justice. It seems that the Interpreter feels that it is incumbent on him in his role to create an understanding and Ð ° balance between these speakers moreover, the Interpreter never commented on the discussion around the assignment for either participant. To see how far the Interpreters thinking was from the thinking of the primary participants, here is what the Professor said about the answering machine talk: [І was] trying to be polite and make everyone comfortable, telling him about the answering machine and the knocking at the door and then І realized [there was] no reason to tell him. The Interpreter has attributed the meaning of the talk to the Professors awareness of Deaf people when, in fact, she was focused on the nature of starting to talk and the often necessary small talk that is Ð ° prelude to official business. Because interpreters are primarily concerned with communication, of language and also of cultural nuances, much of an interpreters concern is for differences in language and culture. But speakers themselves are typically concerned with the central task of the meeting, carrying out their obligations and responsibilities necessary to accomplish their goals. We will see in the next chapter that an interpreters role is more than to just translate or just interpret. What the role is and how to manifest that role to others, while appearing neutral or impartial, is not an easy task. If an interpreters role expectations and obligations were as easily defined as the teacher or student role, then there would not be the problems, concerns, and issues that arise around the discussions about an interpreters role.

Organizational Culture And Change Management

Organizational Culture And Change Management The world has become a global village and so do the businesses. Competition among industries is becoming more and more global and businesses are facing ever climbing pressure to compete at this level. The market needs are changing rapidly and continuously and to cope with this, organizations have to keep on changing themselves to meet the new demands. The change can be a change in product or service, marketing strategies, change in management or IT system etc. but the most difficult thing to change is the values and beliefs of the people because its natural that people resist change. Cultural change is a difficult thing to do as there are people involved in it. British Airways had gone through a cultural change which started in early 80s when the company was in bad condition and was about to go bank corrupt. The newly appointed CEO Colin Marshall lead the change and took the company out of the crises and made it one the most respectable airlines of the world in less than 10 years time. This paper will talk about the problems with BAs leadership and organizational culture which lead the company to those crises and its affects on performance and this paper will also talk about the successful implementation of the change. The paper will demonstrate the analysis of the change process and flaws in the change which could have lead to better results if managed properly. Organizational Culture: Culture is the beliefs and values of people. The collective programming of the mind which differentiates the one group of people from another, culture in this sense includes system of values. Culture comprises of language, religion, customs, manners and education (Bode 2008). Language is the most important way of understanding cultures as this is the way information flows. Many scholars have been trying to define culture and they have defined it but it is always said that it is difficult. Culture is a very complex a phenomenon and cannot be captured in a few dimensions (Bode 2008). Organizations do have a culture and in simple words it was defined by Deal and Kennedy (1996) that the culture is the way things get done around here. Organizational cultural is influenced mainly by the leaders of the organization and also by the personal values and beliefs of the people. It is basically the system of mutually shared beliefs and values by the people of the organization. Organizational culture is a key component in achieving the organizational goals and strategies, improving the organizations competitiveness and effectiveness and management of change (Adeyoyin, 2006). BAs History: British Airways came into existence in result of a merger of two British carriers, BOAC (British Overseas Airways Corporation) and BEA (British European Airways) in 1970s (Marriott 1998). British Airways is one of the most respectable and preferred airlines in the world today. British Airways won the Airline of the year award in 2007 on 25th OAG awards (BBC news). This success of the airline is the outcome of a successful cultural change started in early 80s. Before 1980s BA was doing good as there was little competition in the market and BA controlled 60% of the UK domestic markets and faced competition on only 9% of the routes in and out of the UK (Redman Wilkinson 2009). Due to little or no competition BA didnt focused on customer satisfaction and other issues and carried on the traditional way of doing things which lead them to disastrous situations when they felt the need for change. In 80s the rivalry among the airlines was limited in concerned to BA because BA was controlling 60% of the routes (Business Economics 1982). The threats of the substitutes was also limited for BA because BA has covered most of the routes and had large number of destinations and left the customers some times with no other choice. BA didnt have the focus on customer satisfaction and profit maximization and this caused major customer dissatisfaction. Lack of punctuality and uncomfortable flights were the reasons for this dissatisfaction (Warhurst 1995). BA recorded financial losses of  £140m and this leaves a threat for the new entrant in the market. So the threat for the new entrant was there. Drivers for change: Humans change with the passage of time as per the requirement and situation at hand. Similarly organisations need to change as well to adapt to the changing internal and external environment. A need of change can arise from two kinds of factors i.e. Internal and External factors. External factors include the competition, technological advancements, innovation, and deregulation of industry, labour costs, and access to resources, international economic changes, and government policies. Internal change factors tend to follow on from the external ones, and include adapting to shifts in corporate missions, changes in technological equipment and processes, shifts in employee attitudes and behaviour and corporate culture. In BAs case the initiating factors were both internal and external. The external factors were the competition, the governments threat of privatization, and access to cheaper resources and increasing prices of oil. The internal factors involved in pushing BA towards going f or a change were the internal rigid culture, Change of equipments and staff related issues. How the culture was formed? BAs cultural change was a success and still it is being used as a reference or a guide for the firms who go for cultural change (Mills et al 2008). There were four major companies who went through cultural change and some of the reasons among them were common, e.g. threat of privatization. Those companies were Jaguar, British Airport Authority (BAA), British Nuclear Fuels Limited (BNFL), and British Airways (BA). The founders of a company or the forefathers have a significant influence on the culture formation of a business. The way they do things leave a long lasting impact on the followers thus become the part of the culture (Poole et al 2004). Jaguar and BAA for example have always had charismatic leaders. Sir William Lyons and Sir Norman Payne were both charismatic leaders and autocratic in style (Salama 1995). This leaves the impression on the follower managers and showed its effects in their decision making styles. BNFL and BA till 1984 didnt have any charismatic leader like Jaguar and BAA (Salama 1995). There was variation in departments which shows the values of each of the departmental head. Christopher Harding was appointed as the chairman in 1984 and before him there wasnt a single dominant character at the top management level. Because BA had its origin from the ministry of defence, there was a strong civil service influence in the company. BA had a strong and close contact with Royal Air Force and both pilots and managers were recruited from RAF frequently. These militants left a very operational flavour to the organizations culture. In a survey a manager said that we couldnt get away from the fact that we are on a mission and that mission is everything to us and the customer are just an unfortunate add on. The management and leadership style was not participative as the CEO and the former chairman personally were very distant from the staff. The technical knowledge was considered to be very vital and the managers were recruited and promoted on the basis of their technical abilities instead of managerial abilities. All these factors made the culture of BA very rigid and a critical cultural change became the only solution for the company to survive. The Change Scope: Background: Other than the increasing competition and fuel costs, old fleets, and high staff costs in 80s, BAs management had to tackle these issues in order to avoid going bank corrupt, Improving the companys financial performance fundamentally, pre-tax losses were showing a figure of  £240m in 81 and 82 (Annual report 1st April 1983). CEO of BA said in 1982 that their money is draining at the rate of  £200 every minute (Mills et al 2006). Convincing the workforce of the supreme importance of customer services for the success of the company. Improving the perceptions about BA in the market. Maintaining momentum and regaining the focus which will allow them to meet new challenges. The main reasons for this crisis on BA were its culture and history. BEA and BOAC came together to form BA in 1981 (Staniland 2003). They remained sovereign till 1976 when the group division was changed to a structure based on functional divisions. Still a distinctive split within BA persisted until the mid 1980s. This improper assimilation disallowed BA to achieve the desired benefits of the merger, could not attain a common focus, created management segregation squabbles and resulted in a lack of a unifying corporate culture (Doganis 2002). The funny side of the merger was that most of the BEA and BOAC employees were war veterans who used to fly military aircrafts and they had a great influence on shaping the culture of BA. BAs culture was influenced by military mentality with a purely operational focus. The employees believe that their job is only to fly the plan safely and land it on time. Customer satisfaction and customer care, profit maximization and productivity were not considered as top priorities (Bowhill 2008). BA had financial support from the government and was doing a profitable business in the 70s (Parker 2009). These were the reasons which made it easier for BA to neglect its increasing inefficiencies over time. It was getting even more difficult to persuade the workforce and the management towards the need of a fundamental change. The competition was rising in the market and customer dissatisfaction plus the employees absenteeism were on the rise and the need for change was critical. The 1981 survival plan: The merger in 1981 leaves the company overstaffed and the staff expenses were unaffordable. The survival plan involves downsizing and the staff was reduced from 52000 to 43000 through voluntary measures. A 20% decrease in workforce in 9 months was a major downsizing (Thompson Martin 2009). Freezing pay was increased for a year which caused more volunteers leaving the job than was required. 16 routed were closed, 8 online stations and 2 engineering bases were shut down (Carleton Lineberry 2004). The survival plan was all about minimizing the costs and expenses as the company was heading towards bankruptcy. The activities involved in minimizing the costs also includes the halting of cargo service and selling the fleets and massive cuts in number of offices, administrative services and staff clubs etc (Jones and Lockwood 2002). Things were not going right and the survival plan was amended and staff was reduced by another 7000 and the total number than was appro ximately 35000. The voluntary laying off schemes cost the company around  £150 million and the company ended up with more volunteers than necessary because of no job security and sinking conditions of the company (Carleton Lineberry 2004). Changing image of the Airline: British airways had a bad image in the customers mind dew to unsatisfactory services and relatively higher prices. A survey by the International Airline Passengers Association put BA at the top of a list of the airlines to be avoided. (Redman Wilkinson). To improve the image of the organization BA launched its Manhattan Landing and The worlds favourite Airline campaigns and raised the advertising budget which was  £19m to  £31m for the year 1983-1984 in order to signal a clear commitment to changing the corporate image (Leban et al 2005). Building its turnaround team: 30% of the old employees had left the organization voluntarily which involved senior mangers as well (Barsoux Manzoni 1997). Culture is formed by leaders and now these leaders were not there which helped the cultural change process. Newly appointed CEO Sir Collin Marshall was a very charismatic leader. He brought in some new blood to give the company a fresh perspective and to regain focus. In 1983, Colin Marshall made customer service a personal crusade (Reichheld 1996). Customer services were something absent in the BAs culture which was very rigid and he wanted to achieve a shift from a strongly British, engineering, and operationally driven culture to one that emphasized productivity and profits while increasing the value placed on customer service. Support from top management: To make a change successful the leaders need to play the role model. Leader needs to be the one, who actually put the change terms in practice, supports his team and give them freedom of expression (Cameron 2004). Collin Marshall in this regard was very concerned and he used to spend lot of his time in terminals with staff communicating and reinforcing the desired culture for the organization and its mutual and individual advantages. Employees were given the freedom to share their ideas and thoughts and give their suggestions about helping the change to carry forward. Employees feel listened to and feels themselves as part of the companys success. Education and Training: Change needs to be reinforced and communicated regularly to make it feel happening. A continuous training needs to be done to help employees adapting to the new culture. BA in this regard conducted a training program named PPF (Putting People First). This training program was aimed at the people to examine their interactions with other people. The main focus of the training was to build positive relationships and customer services. Nearly 40000 of BAs employees attended the training program (Leban et al 2005). Another training program conducted by BA was MPF (Managing People First). This training program was aimed at other issues like culture and its importance, the leadership, trust, vision and feedback. These behaviour moulding programs resulted in good and BA was able to move on towards cultural change. After one year of training with TMI (training consultants), BA moved into profit (Senior Fleming 2006). Make the Change visible: Change needs to visible to the outside world. British Airways unveiled their new planes at Heathrow Airport and their new uniforms to give the world an impression that they have gone through a change and now they are a better organization (Leban et al 2005). With in 10 years the cultural change program succeeded in creating a strong commitment to productivity, profits and customer services. The morale was higher and the companys image in the market was better and this change lift the company out of bankruptcy to become one the worlds most respected airline. British Airways have launched a new campaign in 2009 named ONE DESTINATION. The CEO said at the time of launch that we started our journey towards responsible air travel in 1984 and we have discovered that our customers love to fly with us but are concerned about their impact on the environment (BBC news). Getting over the resistance with the help of suitable change models: Kurt Lewins change model comprises of three steps, i.e. Unfreeze-Change-Refreeze. The first stage in Lewins change model is unfreezing that is when manager develops a felt or need for the change which can be because of declining profits or shrinking market shares etc. In BAs case both profits and market shares were declining. This is where the CEO Collin Marshall felt the need for the change. The unfreezing stage is very crucial as this is when managers are making the workforce ready for the change. This is the advertising phase where the vision and content of the change is communicated which inspires the workforce and gains their commitment. Brirish Airways in this regard conducted the behaviour moulding conferences named PPF and MPF to change the behaviours and make the people ready for the change. The next stage in Lewins model is the change it self. This is the stage where the terms of the change are practically implied and practiced. The survival plan discussed above aimed at cost reduction and than the activities like increasing the advertising budget, hiring new blood and educating and training the people was the change process which was very well lead by the CEO. At this stage continuous feedback and reinforcement is required to make the change feel happening. Collin Marshall himself used to talk with the employees in small groups and spent his most of time reinforcing his vision and desired culture. Refreezing is the stage when people start to embrace the change and the organization has moved to the new culture. This is the stage where the change should be visible and BA made the change visible by inaugurating their new fleets and uniforms. John P. Kotter in his 8 step change model says that a strong enough team is required to carry the change process forward. BA did create a team of new blood managers who gave the company a fresh ad current perspective of business. Kotters model emphasize on communicating the vision of the change and BA was up to the task and had a great support from the senior management as the employees had the freedom of sharing their ideas and thoughts. Leadership Styles: As mentioned above that leadership of BA was heavily influenced by the retired army officers and co ordination and co operation was missing and leaders were like dictators. When the new CEO took over he changed the way of leading as in the process of downsizing, some senior managers were also removed from their positions because of the out dated leadership techniques. The success of the change was because of the new leadership who acted as mentors, and by adopting the democratic, consultive and persuasive, and transformational styles of leadership. Analysis of the Change at BA: The Thatcher Governments announcement of privatizing British Airways was the initial trigger which started the whole process of change (Staniland 2003). The need for the cultural change in BA arises in the transitional phase of the economic environment. The airline industry in UK was facing a severe competition which was an outcome of the privatization. Airline industry in UK was put to work under highly deregulated market which historically used to work in highly regulated market. The privatization decision changed the historic values and beliefs of BA dramatically as the organizations mission in the past was to make sure that planes fly safely and land safely. Profit maximization and competition were not much of an issue. Changing the culture is an ongoing process (Schabracq 2007) and even it is fully achieved, it still goes on in the form of monitoring and continuous inspection. British Airways since 1984 is in the transition phase and is replacing some of its main historical values and beliefs to be consistent with the new mission (Salama 1995). Collin Marshall was appointed as the CEO in order to accomplish this required cultural change. Training and behaviour changing programmes and evaluation systems have been introduced to motivate and stimulate changes. But in some areas other managerial career subsystems such as selection and promotion, had experienced minor modifications. Despite BA had put great deal of effort into encouraging certain behaviours, staff did not collate its employment policies and practices around the new culture (Coles et al 2000). BA failed to institutionalize the change through their stabilisation action plans. Management techniques were certainly impressive, but not everyo ne benefited from them. In areas such as marketing, the criteria for choosing Managers had changed from technical to managerial skills. However, some managers still preferred the old fashioned recruitment procedure based on promoting and selecting people who were good technical individuals, therefore BA had difficulties maintaining the change. At the corporate level, the managers were now rewarded based on performance. The new appraisal system varies across functions as the criteria for good performance was different among different departments. This issue arises from the HR departments ignorance towards the different subculture. The HR department had been trying to impose its own values and beliefs on the rest of the organization and this was identified by Marshall and a new structure for HR was developed later on in order to give the department units more autonomy. This conflicting situation reflects a lack of consensus regarding the desired organizational culture as viewed by top management. Recent Issues: BA had won awards for Best Airline and Best Business Class, a total of 7 awards (Investors Report BA.co.uk). However, BA was also on top of the list of the companies that had complaints, made by the AUC (Air Transport Users Council), totalling 117. Air France came second with 110 and Ryanair third with 77, EasyJet had 42 total complaints (BBCnews.co.uk 20 Aug 2002). If BA adopt a strategy for focus differentiation, tighter controls on the safe handling of baggage, more effective booking services would require to be implemented in order to provide this quality service, thus gaining customer satisfaction and justification of price differentiation. This would inevitably enhance its image and reputation (Johnson et al 2008). CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION: British Airways had gone through many changes in order to promote this cultural change. British Airways lacked a holistic approach while implementing the change because despite of the HR departments attempts towards forming policies and procedures around the new culture, there was evidently a gap between HR and middle management. Some managers were still using the traditional approaches of reward system and recruiting people. British Airways needed to adopt a partnership model within HR. This model is about establishing a common interest in order to secure the competitiveness, viability and prosperity of an organisation. Economic tensions appreciated within this model, are fitting to British Airways unstable environment. The Partnership model talks about getting a commitment from employees to improve quality and efficiency and the acceptance by the employers as stakeholders with interest to be considered when decisions are made. In the beginning it will require a top to bottom approa ch in order to promote and advertise the change. However promoting good strategies which are suitable for all the departments and areas of the organization, as opposed to some areas, is the key to its success. British Airways need to adopt this model to promote teambuilding and working together kind of environment. This model will help in identifying the organizational goal by mutually sharing the values and beliefs of the people and they will start moving in same direction and the outcome of the change can be seen in the whole organization. British Airways is once again in crisis at the current time and is showing record  £401 million pre tax losses (BBC news). Flights are late and customers are facing some sort of the same issues as there were in 1980s. British Airways has a good history and current image in the consumer market. They might need another change in the organization. The change started in 1984 and still things need to be done. Therefore it can be said that changing culture is a complex and long term undertaking (Thomas 2005). It involves coordinated efforts by the top management to change its own values and behaviour and communicates it to the followers and others in the organization. Such changes must be reinforced by shifts in management education, selection and promotion. Culture cannot be managed on its own or as separate from the rest of the organization.