Infection Control Essays - Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases

Infection Control Part I: Infection Control Sara King Bryant Stratton College AHLT 230: Medical Laboratory Cheryl Nickerson FNP-BC May 23, 2013 In the medical field/profession it is important to maintain asepsis as it is critical to the health and safety for both patients and health-care professionals. Asepsis, a condition free from germs, infection and any form of life, (Davis, 2005, p.196). Using the proper aseptic precautions medical assistants can help prevent the spread of disease by causing a break in the infection cycle. Such proper precautions include the proper hand washing, utilizing the proper personal protective equipment (PPE), and the use of techniques in disinfecting and sterilization. The most common use of asepsis would be the washing of hands that a medical assistant does on a regular basis in-between patients, will reduce the risk of a patient catching something such as a cold from a previous patient that was already seen. PPE include the use of latex gloves, gowns, eye goggles will help protect the MA from coming in contact with bodily fluids like urine and saliva that could have an infected bacteria. As we can see the infection cycle can-not be stopped permanently but it can be slowed down. This diagram shows six steps however the reading material assigned for the class has only five step. In order for an infection to occur there must be certain elements involved and all must be present for the cycle to work. There are five elements in the infection cycle: (1) reservoir host, (2) means of exit, (3) means of transmission, (4) means of entrance and (5) susceptible host, (Booth, Whicker, Wyman and Wright, 2011, p.670). The reservoir host can be classified as either an insect, animal or a human that is capable of getting a pathogen growth. A pathogen is what invades the reservoir host and is where the infection cycle begins. The next step of this awful cycle is when the infection has exited the carriers body. This can be passed by a number of ways such as the mouth, nose, eyes and ears as well as bodily fluid like blood or blood from open wounds. After the infection leaves the host by exiting it then has to find a way of transmission. When transmission occurs it can be done in two ways, direct or indirect from one host to another. Direct transmission happens when it im mediately leaves the main host by coming in contact with an infected person or by a discharge, such as saliva, from an infected person, (Booth, et al, 2011, p.670). Indirect transmission can only be done if the pathogens are able to leave on their own and then the pathogens can only survive if a new host encounters it. There are six ways of means for transmission: (1) airborne, (2) blood borne, (3) during a pregnancy, (4) foodborne, (5) vector-borne and (6) touching, (Booth et al, 2011, p.670-671). Once the pathogen finds a means of transmission it then has to find an entrance in-order to enter into the next host. The pathogen can actually enter the same way of the means of exiting. The last step of this cycle is that the pathogen found a new susceptible host where it may or may not keep the infection going for a repeat. There are five agents of infection that cause us to be sick: viruses, bacteria, fungi, prions and helminths. Viruses can be in many different forms, pathogens that live inside a cell, and once it has infected a host it can multiply. Example, chickenpox (varicella) with an incubation period of seven to twenty-one days as its very contagious. This viral infection in when the hosts body is covered in an itchy-red rash and the bumps the turn into fluid like blister that will break and scab over during the incubation time frame, (Booth et al, 2011, p.660). Not only do viruses infect cells, bacteria can make us just as sick when it hits various parts of the body by infecting the tissues in those areas. Illnesses are caused by bacteria infections but can be treated when given the correct antibiotics for that illness you may have. Diphtheria is one type of bacteria and it affects mainly the nose, throat and larynx. This

Disconfirmation of expectation model Essay Example

Disconfirmation of expectation model Essay Example Disconfirmation of expectation model Paper Disconfirmation of expectation model Paper A customer went Into a restaurant what require her driven a long distance and waited 15 minutes for a table. She expected it to be good. However, the restaurant was dirty, the table service was poor and the high-price meal was overcooked. Dissatisfaction felt by this customer because the restaurants service performance was not as good as what the customer expected, then there was a negative discrimination between expectations and perceptions which causes dissatisfaction. Nowadays, food industry is rapidly growing. In such competitive industry, those with more important in attracting customers satisfaction from different aspects. In discrimination model, People use standards of assessment in Judging products or service such as predictive, desires, need and norms (Spring, 2003). And company use this to measure customer satisfaction. Lovelace describes that Expectancy- Discrimination Paradigm has two famous variables that are expectation and perceived performance. They are defended for two distinct time periods. Expectation is related to the pre purchase time period that customer has initial expectation about pacific performance. For example, customer expected the restaurant has good table service. Perceived performance is related to the after purchase time period that once the product or service has been used, outcomes the customer had. For instance, the meal was overcook in that restaurant. The different between expectation and perceived experience Is termed as discrimination of expectation. As the result of difference between expectation and perceived experience, discrimination of expectation can be positive or negative. Oliver (1980) proposed hat a customer is satisfied or dissatisfied depend on the positive or negative difference between expectations and perceptions. In other words, when perceived performance Is better than what the customer desire, the positive discrimination occurs. For example, customer are happy when the restaurants meals are delicious and the seats are comfortable. When perceived performance is as expected, confirmation occurs. In contrast, when perceived performance is not as good as what the customer desire or expected, negative discrimination occurs. Customer are experimented when the table service is rude and the foods are terrible. Moreover, according to the research, Spring (2003) showed that there are two methods- Delete Difference Model (ADAM) and Direct Effects Model (DEEM), that worked well In measuring discrimination of customers expectation and desire. For example, the restaurant delivery of right meals in the right time with the right quality is a good way to attracting the customers satisfaction. At this time, restaurant can use ADAM method to measure customers expectation accurately. Recommendations ROR expectations and actual product performance.

Free Essays on African American Discrimination

All my life I’ve been sheltered from the world, that is, until I entered high school. In my home, elementary school, and in middle school I had the idea that racism and prejudice was over, just because slavery was over. That’s what it was before high school: cut and dry, no slavery, therefore, no racism. I thought that the idea of someone being discriminated against because of the color of his or her skin was, well, I didn’t really think about it. That is until I walked into this school. This school opened my eyes to see that everyone is discriminated against. The problem was I didn’t really know why. All I could think of was African–American people were upset because of their ancestors being enslaved. Our civil rights study really did show me how things were, and it has given me a better understanding of why the world is the way it is. I like the way that our class was able to talk about it openly without anyone getting defensive, itâ€⠄¢s nice to know that we actually have civil people in this school. What I’m trying to say is that this study of civil rights helped me. It wasn’t just another assignment to do; it was an assignment that I looked forward to doing because I honestly knew nothing. I feel now that I know enough to carry an intelligent conversation with another person, and actually know what I’m talking about. And that means it was a great lesson.... Free Essays on African American Discrimination Free Essays on African American Discrimination All my life I’ve been sheltered from the world, that is, until I entered high school. In my home, elementary school, and in middle school I had the idea that racism and prejudice was over, just because slavery was over. That’s what it was before high school: cut and dry, no slavery, therefore, no racism. I thought that the idea of someone being discriminated against because of the color of his or her skin was, well, I didn’t really think about it. That is until I walked into this school. This school opened my eyes to see that everyone is discriminated against. The problem was I didn’t really know why. All I could think of was African–American people were upset because of their ancestors being enslaved. Our civil rights study really did show me how things were, and it has given me a better understanding of why the world is the way it is. I like the way that our class was able to talk about it openly without anyone getting defensive, itâ€⠄¢s nice to know that we actually have civil people in this school. What I’m trying to say is that this study of civil rights helped me. It wasn’t just another assignment to do; it was an assignment that I looked forward to doing because I honestly knew nothing. I feel now that I know enough to carry an intelligent conversation with another person, and actually know what I’m talking about. And that means it was a great lesson....

Introduction to Functions in C#

Introduction to Functions in C# In C#, a function is a way of packaging code that does something and then returns the value.  Unlike in C, C and some other languages, functions do not exist by themselves. They are part of an object-oriented approach to programming. A program to manage spreadsheets might include a sum() function as part of an object, for example. In C#, a function can be called a member function- it is a member of a class- but that terminology is left over from C. The usual name for it is a method. The Instance Method There are two types of methods: instance method and static method. This introduction covers the instance method. The example below defines a simple class and calls it Test. This example is a simple console program, so this is allowed. Usually, the first class defined in the C# file must be the form class. Its possible to have an empty class like this class Test { }, but it isnt useful. Although it looks empty, it- like all C# classes- inherits from the Object that contains it and includes a default constructor  in the main program. var t new Test(); This code works, but it wont do anything when run except create an instance t of the empty test class. The code below adds a function, a method that outputs the word Hello. using System;namespace funcex1{class Test{public void SayHello(){Console.WriteLine(Hello) ;}}class Program{static void Main(string[] args){var t new Test() ;t.SayHello() ;Console.ReadKey() ;}}} This code example includes Console.ReadKey(), so when it runs, it displays the console window and awaits a key entry such as Enter, Space or Return (not the shift, Alt or Ctrl keys). Without it, it would open the console Window, output Hello and then close all in the blink of an eye. The function SayHello is about as simple a function as you can have. Its a public function, which means the function is visible from outside  the class. If you remove the word public and try to compile the code, it fails with a compilation error funcex1.test.SayHello() is inaccessible due to its protection level. If you add the word private where the word public was and recompile, you get the same compile error. Just change it back to public. The word void in the function means that the function does not return any values. Typical Function Definition Characteristics Access level: public, private plus some othersReturn value: void or any type such as intMethod Name: SayHelloAny method parameters: none for now. These are defined in the brackets () after the method name The code for the definition of another function, MyAge(), is: public int MyAge(){return 53;} Add that right after the SayHello() method in the first example and add these two lines before Console.ReadKey(). var age t.MyAge();Console.WriteLine(David is {0} years old,age); Running the program now outputs this: Hello David is 53 years old, The var age t.MyAge(); call to the method returned the value 53. Its not the most useful function. A more useful example is the spreadsheet Sum function with an array of ints, the start index and the number of values to sum. This is the function: public float Sum(int[] values, int startindex, int endindex){var total 0;for (var indexstartindex; indexendindex; index){total values[index];}return total;} Here are three use cases. This is the code to add in Main() and call to test the Sum function. var values new int[10] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10};Console.WriteLine(t.Sum(values,0,2)); // Should be 6Console.WriteLine(t.Sum(values,0,9)); // should be 55Console.WriteLine(t.Sum(values,9,9)); // should be 10 as 9th value is 10 The For loop adds up the values in the range startindex to endindex, so for startindex 0 and endindex2, this is the sum of 1 2 3 6. Whereas for 9,9, it just adds the one values[9] 10. Within the function, the local variable total is initialized to 0 and then has the relevant parts of the array values added.

An Investigation of the CSI Effect Research Paper

An Investigation of the CSI Effect - Research Paper Example To attain the capacity to respond to the expectations of the courtroom, the government needs to equip the law enforcement agencies with the latest technology, as well as distribute resources necessary to equip the investigation agencies with the recent equipment in forensic science. These expectations also call for exemplary improvements in our nation's crime laboratories to keep pace with the increased demand for forensic analysis and minimize backlogs of evidence. Shelton’s (2008) study further established an increased need to equip players of the courtroom drama with better ways to respond to the expectations of the Jurors in an incidence of lack of scientific evidence. The prosecutors should learn other ways to support witness statements when there is no exhibit for the purpose (Shelton, 2008). Making a distinct observation that some of these expectations are forcing the prosecutors to spend most of their time explaining to the Jurors what type of scientific evidence is necessary in a case. Prosecutors have introduced a new witness in criminal cases called the â€Å"negative evidence† witness, whose function is to explain to the Jury that investigators were unable to collect any evidence from the crime scene (Dioso-Villa, 2009). Dioso-Villa’s (2009) argument is that â€Å"the CSI has exposed the activities of the investigators and law enforcement officers, which is what they look for at a crime scene to solve a crime.†

Portfolio task Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Portfolio task Human Resource Management - Essay Example The running of this organization relied much on the research services my team offered in evaluating the social needs that the population had, device and advise on appropriate policies to undertake the relevant adjustments. Moreover, as a research team, we were involved in managing a database for the organization’s beneficially and issue identification cards through which the organization would track the frequency of using the facilities by the members and carry out periodical analysis for possible improvements. The success of our role as a team was therefore dependent on various factors, which were intrinsic to members, as well as other environmental factors. Though our team had a temporal assignment with the organization, success in the task assigned was mandatory. The team comprised of various players such as organizers and supervisors, coordinators as well as team workers who attended to different tasks as assigned. A general review of the performance of the team revealed a great success in the mandate assigned having completed the exercise a month earlier than the expected time and satisfactorily having delivered as required. The analysis however revealed the success to be explained by team behavior as against such factors as the intellect of the members. Nevertheless, we can no refute the strategic role played by skills and competencies exhibited by the members in handling the technical roles assigned. Each behavior portrayed by the team had a strategic and specific role to play in the overall success of the team as recorded (Cohen, 1993, p. 1-3). The ability of the team to combine ideas before the onset of the team as a functional unit reveals a high level of sense of commitment and obligation. Moreover, the team had a well-organized leadership structure through which the management was carried out. Incorporation of new members wherever needed had a specific structure which ensured the correct skills and competencies needed were sought and harnesse d. Inter as well as intra team relations between the team members and other teams within the organization would be equally commended for the good performance of the team as noted. According to literature, the success of any team rests on such factors as cooperation and efforts of individual member. Moreover, teams do not behave, think or feel while the persons making up the team do. In this respect, teams have no obligations as distinct entities but rather, their successes depend of the factors inherent on team members. Therefore, the success from our team would therefore be explained by the good coordination as well as the individual traits to the members. Task 2 [The Coca-Cola limited (UK) is a constituent retail multinational organization which specializes in manufacture and sale of soft drinks across the globe. Having been in existence over many decades, the organization has had great exposure within the beverage industry and thus commands great mastery of business operations wi thin the industry ( more than the emergent competitors command). The retail organization has employed thousands of persons in the UK and has numerous retail outlets within the country. This paper intends to analyze the operations of the retail organization with a special attention of its operations within the United Kingdom. Its official website URL is http://www.coca-cola.co.uk/.] The company specializes in manufacturing drink concentrates as well as syrups, which are later

Ship Of Ghosts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ship Of Ghosts - Essay Example It was the flagship of the US Asiatic Fleet and in World War II was responsible for holding back and delaying the Japanese from taking over Indonesia. The book narrates the exploits of the Houston until she sinks after a desperate and overwhelming battle with the Japanese forces in 1942, in the Java Sea. The first part of the book describes the naval combat with description of war like booming guns, falling bombs, torpedoes, etc. Hornfischer brings to life the battle as he describes the terror of nighttime naval battles where decks become slaughterhouses and the superhuman effort of the crew as they escape disaster after disaster only to be unlucky in the end when they are hopelessly outnumbered. "Son, we’re going to Hell." These words of the navigator of the USS Houston turn out to be prophetic. The men were forced to abandon the ship and are captured by the Japanese. They were then moved from one camp to another and finally end up in a labor camp in the jungles of Burma. In the second part of the book, the narrative shifts gears and follows the several hundred survivors of the ship to the Japanese POW camps in Southeast A sia. Here it focuses on the labor camps and the sub-human existence of the survivors for over three years, under the barbaric Japanese in the labor camps put up to build the Burma-Thailand Railway. The author describes how the prisoners develop a different kind of heroism when they are without weapons, when starvation stares at them and when they face the brutality of the Japanese guards. At the camps the prisoners suffered from over work, malnutrition, tropical diseases and rotting wounds. Their survival at that point of time depended on their ability to withstand humiliation and hardships without complaining. The author portrays all this beautifully when he writes about the small acts of courage like the stealing of an egg or a can of condensed milk

Civilian Contractors on the Battlefield Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Civilian Contractors on the Battlefield - Essay Example The following discussion is going to explore the ethical problems, whilst defining the actual position of a civilian contractor on the battlefield. Also it will consider the security problems in depending on civilian personnel, because there interest is in the monetary value of their service rather than the loyalty and security of a nation4. Therefore this may jeopardize the security of battle planning, because if civilian contractors are working on a business level then if the opposition offered a better business deal then these civilian contractors become a breach in the US military strategy5. In the first place the role of the civilian contractor can be seen as military personal as the Hague Convention of 1907 allows that other persons can be combatant in a time of war than just military personnel. Therefore under the Geneva Convention these individuals will be afforded the protections as prisoners of war. This means that on the ethical grounds of using contractors on the battlefield, governments such as the USA can legitimately affirm their use. In essence under the Hague Convention and the Geneva Convention these individuals are in fact quasi-military, i.e. ... ercenaries.7 British Human Rights lawyer Helen Kennedy has illustrated that there is vast problems with the USA naming freedom fighters, armed guerrillas who are not part of a state army as terrorists in order to punish them through vengeance ethically and a breach of humanitarian law. We [the UK] should not be tempted to take the American route There should never be a direct role for victims in punishment. If victims have a direct say in sentencing decisions, how will consistency be achieved between the victim bent on vengeance and the person willing to forgive8 The actions of the US authorities in Guantanamo Bay are an example of a nation of victims having a say in the punishment of possibly innocent people and these victims have no objectivity and mass cruelty and torture is happening. This is happening of civilians that have taken up arms to protect themselves and named terrorists. How does the US government legitimize civilian contractors who are getting paid for there services on one hand, but not freedom fighters on the other The distinction does not make legal or ethical sense, because morally a freedom fighter has a better argument for their actions and to become a war prisoner protected under the Geneva Convention than does the civilian contractor.9 Finally, the security issues that the uses of civilian contractors raise are vast. In the first instance is a contractor is being highly paid there are business reasons for their use on the battlefield.10 Therefore is it not conceivably possible that if the contractor is offered a higher price on the opposition, the needs of the business and money outweigh loyalty Secondly, there is the possibility that there will be infiltration by the opposition through the use of civilian contractors; especially in the case

Short answers,Times New Roman,font size 10.5 Coursework

Short answers,Times New Roman,font size 10.5 - Coursework Example Moreover, there is an innovative aspect based on the process need that is otherwise deemed to be a weak link evidenced in every process. It is characterized by the fact that the majority intends to move around the problem instead of making an attempt towards the success of the success of an enterprise solution. Ultimately, Drucker also contributes to the development, demographics that constituted the population size structure and employment background and a new knowledge with advanced scientific assumptions thus creating new products and new market demands (Mitra 25) Mitra (25), points out at various attributes how technology has contributed towards the realization of entrepreneurial activities. The fundamental technological advancement is critical in the advancement of scientific understanding of entrepreneurial activities. Besides, it has contributed to the initiation of different kinds of industries that are either owned privately or by the state. Moreover, technology has also played a vital role in the conceptualization of feedbacks from the already existing enterprise while utilizing the results to enhance further technological advancements. On a number of occasions, government policies are seen as barriers to innovative aspects and entrepreneurial developments. In essence, a change in certain policies of the government often has devastating effects towards the success of entrepreneurial activities. According to Mitra (28), the government for setting up various policies and deployment of resources that are also characterized by incentive-oriented strategies thus most likely to affect the forces of the market demands. Mitra (33) explains that an economic equilibrium theory may not give a proper understanding of the entrepreneurial relationship because it mainly concentrates on the production function. Moreover, it concerns rationalization choice

Participant roles and purposes Essay Example for Free

Participant roles and purposes Essay In talking about social situations and participants, Goffman suggests that situations move forward in accomplishing Ð ° goal or purpose because the participants come to Ð ° working consensus about the nature of the situation: Together the participants contribute to Ð ° single overall definition of the situation which involves not so much Ð ° real agreement as to what exists but rather Ð ° real agreement as to whose claims concerning what issues will be temporarily honored (1959: 9-1o). The working consensus of most teacher-student meetings is realized through the expectations and obligations of the role of teacher and student. These roles have mirroring expectations (the actions others can insist we perform) and obligations (the actions we can insist others perform) (Goffman 1967: 126). For example, the obligations of the student roleto read, to take exams, to attend classesare expectations of the teacher role. The expectations of the student roleto receive information, to be given fair exams, to be graded on the basis of meritare the obligations of the professor role. Thus these roles become interdependent; the expectations and obligations are complementary and in service to each other. In their interviews, both the Professor and the Student focus on the expectations and obligations of their respective roles as teacher and student, They both articulated the role of the Student as checking on an assignment (getting information) and making sure the Student had Ð ° clear understanding of the Professors expectations (giving information). The Professor: My view of the meeting was that І was there to answer [the Students] questions, not that І was there to tell him anything. І think thats why І started the meeting by looking expectantly at him. The Student explained his purpose: My purpose was to make sure І understood the assignment correctly and was going in the right direction. The paper was supposed to be handed in during class, and І held it back because І wanted her to check it first. If she approved, then fine, І would hand it in. І knew the ASL would be hard to understand, so І wanted to ask if І should go ahead with the ASL story or follow the English interpretation. When asked if they thought the meeting was successful, that expectations and obligations were met, both responded affirmatively. They explain in their own words. The Professor: The meeting was successful. Nobody yelled at anybody. [The Student] came to get information and he got it. The laughter, І think the laughter is my signal that everything is going well. І felt [the Student] knew what he was supposed to do. The Student: She read my story and seemed satisfied with it. І knew she wanted me to improve it and bring it back with thirty copies. Yes, the meeting was successful. Although the Professor comments on the interactional success, nobody yelled at anybody as well, both speakers are attentive to the primary purpose, and their ensuing obligations, of Ð ° teacher-student meeting. As the next chapter demonstrates, many of the Professors and the Students motivations for speaking or taking Ð ° turn center on their expectations or obligations of their social roles, their roles define their purpose for meeting and constitute how they will interact and how their meanings are represented in talk. The Interpreters role is to interpret. In general, the role of an interpreter is to make possible communication between people who do not speak the same language. The Interpreter defined his role, what he says it always is, as working to have effective communication, for people to communicate. However, when asked if he thought the meeting went well, he offered Ð ° perspective that was not centered on whether or not the participants had effective communication: Yes, because І think [the Students] goals were achieved, in getting some ideas across and talking about some issues. That he understood where she was coming from and she understood where he was coming from Although this response is vague and unfortunately not further clarified; there are some indications as to what the Interpreter is referring. When the Interpreter mentions [the Students] goals were achieved, it appears that the Interpreter assumes goals other than getting an assignment reviewed. He continues by adding getting ideas across and talking about some issues, but the only issue mentioned previously by the Interpreter is connected to people communicating. The Interpreter never mentioned checking the assignment or the Student getting information on how to analyze the narrative, nor did he mention the Professors obligations she might have for meeting with students. Because both primary participants are involved with the study of language and because the study of ASL as Ð ° natural language was still Ð ° relatively new idea, many conversations with linguists who study spoken languages come around to the topic of the differences between Ð ° signed language and Ð ° spoken language. At the time, the status of ASL as Ð ° language in the larger world community was not firmly established, nor was the status of Deaf persons as member’s of Ð ° linguistic and ethnic minority. That these issues particularly affect interpreters can be demonstrated by reading newsletters and journals published at the time in the interpreting field, as well as by attendance at meetings and conferences. These debates and discussions are often referred to with phrases such as getting ideas across and talking about issues, so І can suggest the possibility that the interpreter is referring to these potentially explosive arguments about the acceptance of American Sign Language as Ð ° natural language. Fortunately, this is not an issue with the Professor, as the Interpreter acknowledges: Shes obviously educated [about Deaf people] in that shes familiar with deafness and Deaf people because she explained the outgoing message on the answering machine, things that are very hearing culture and so І think that in some regards she took care of all that. Although he acknowledges that the Professor is familiar with deafness and Deaf people, it is also his focus on her adaptations to the Student that remain primary in his reflection on the interpreted event. The answering machine was Ð ° few seconds of small talk before the more important discussion of the Students narrative and transcript. The Interpreters focus on getting ideas across and taking care of cultural differences reflects what is Ð ° central concern of interpreters in their role, the notions of equality and justice. It seems that the Interpreter feels that it is incumbent on him in his role to create an understanding and Ð ° balance between these speakers moreover, the Interpreter never commented on the discussion around the assignment for either participant. To see how far the Interpreters thinking was from the thinking of the primary participants, here is what the Professor said about the answering machine talk: [І was] trying to be polite and make everyone comfortable, telling him about the answering machine and the knocking at the door and then І realized [there was] no reason to tell him. The Interpreter has attributed the meaning of the talk to the Professors awareness of Deaf people when, in fact, she was focused on the nature of starting to talk and the often necessary small talk that is Ð ° prelude to official business. Because interpreters are primarily concerned with communication, of language and also of cultural nuances, much of an interpreters concern is for differences in language and culture. But speakers themselves are typically concerned with the central task of the meeting, carrying out their obligations and responsibilities necessary to accomplish their goals. We will see in the next chapter that an interpreters role is more than to just translate or just interpret. What the role is and how to manifest that role to others, while appearing neutral or impartial, is not an easy task. If an interpreters role expectations and obligations were as easily defined as the teacher or student role, then there would not be the problems, concerns, and issues that arise around the discussions about an interpreters role.

Organizational Culture And Change Management

Organizational Culture And Change Management The world has become a global village and so do the businesses. Competition among industries is becoming more and more global and businesses are facing ever climbing pressure to compete at this level. The market needs are changing rapidly and continuously and to cope with this, organizations have to keep on changing themselves to meet the new demands. The change can be a change in product or service, marketing strategies, change in management or IT system etc. but the most difficult thing to change is the values and beliefs of the people because its natural that people resist change. Cultural change is a difficult thing to do as there are people involved in it. British Airways had gone through a cultural change which started in early 80s when the company was in bad condition and was about to go bank corrupt. The newly appointed CEO Colin Marshall lead the change and took the company out of the crises and made it one the most respectable airlines of the world in less than 10 years time. This paper will talk about the problems with BAs leadership and organizational culture which lead the company to those crises and its affects on performance and this paper will also talk about the successful implementation of the change. The paper will demonstrate the analysis of the change process and flaws in the change which could have lead to better results if managed properly. Organizational Culture: Culture is the beliefs and values of people. The collective programming of the mind which differentiates the one group of people from another, culture in this sense includes system of values. Culture comprises of language, religion, customs, manners and education (Bode 2008). Language is the most important way of understanding cultures as this is the way information flows. Many scholars have been trying to define culture and they have defined it but it is always said that it is difficult. Culture is a very complex a phenomenon and cannot be captured in a few dimensions (Bode 2008). Organizations do have a culture and in simple words it was defined by Deal and Kennedy (1996) that the culture is the way things get done around here. Organizational cultural is influenced mainly by the leaders of the organization and also by the personal values and beliefs of the people. It is basically the system of mutually shared beliefs and values by the people of the organization. Organizational culture is a key component in achieving the organizational goals and strategies, improving the organizations competitiveness and effectiveness and management of change (Adeyoyin, 2006). BAs History: British Airways came into existence in result of a merger of two British carriers, BOAC (British Overseas Airways Corporation) and BEA (British European Airways) in 1970s (Marriott 1998). British Airways is one of the most respectable and preferred airlines in the world today. British Airways won the Airline of the year award in 2007 on 25th OAG awards (BBC news). This success of the airline is the outcome of a successful cultural change started in early 80s. Before 1980s BA was doing good as there was little competition in the market and BA controlled 60% of the UK domestic markets and faced competition on only 9% of the routes in and out of the UK (Redman Wilkinson 2009). Due to little or no competition BA didnt focused on customer satisfaction and other issues and carried on the traditional way of doing things which lead them to disastrous situations when they felt the need for change. In 80s the rivalry among the airlines was limited in concerned to BA because BA was controlling 60% of the routes (Business Economics 1982). The threats of the substitutes was also limited for BA because BA has covered most of the routes and had large number of destinations and left the customers some times with no other choice. BA didnt have the focus on customer satisfaction and profit maximization and this caused major customer dissatisfaction. Lack of punctuality and uncomfortable flights were the reasons for this dissatisfaction (Warhurst 1995). BA recorded financial losses of  £140m and this leaves a threat for the new entrant in the market. So the threat for the new entrant was there. Drivers for change: Humans change with the passage of time as per the requirement and situation at hand. Similarly organisations need to change as well to adapt to the changing internal and external environment. A need of change can arise from two kinds of factors i.e. Internal and External factors. External factors include the competition, technological advancements, innovation, and deregulation of industry, labour costs, and access to resources, international economic changes, and government policies. Internal change factors tend to follow on from the external ones, and include adapting to shifts in corporate missions, changes in technological equipment and processes, shifts in employee attitudes and behaviour and corporate culture. In BAs case the initiating factors were both internal and external. The external factors were the competition, the governments threat of privatization, and access to cheaper resources and increasing prices of oil. The internal factors involved in pushing BA towards going f or a change were the internal rigid culture, Change of equipments and staff related issues. How the culture was formed? BAs cultural change was a success and still it is being used as a reference or a guide for the firms who go for cultural change (Mills et al 2008). There were four major companies who went through cultural change and some of the reasons among them were common, e.g. threat of privatization. Those companies were Jaguar, British Airport Authority (BAA), British Nuclear Fuels Limited (BNFL), and British Airways (BA). The founders of a company or the forefathers have a significant influence on the culture formation of a business. The way they do things leave a long lasting impact on the followers thus become the part of the culture (Poole et al 2004). Jaguar and BAA for example have always had charismatic leaders. Sir William Lyons and Sir Norman Payne were both charismatic leaders and autocratic in style (Salama 1995). This leaves the impression on the follower managers and showed its effects in their decision making styles. BNFL and BA till 1984 didnt have any charismatic leader like Jaguar and BAA (Salama 1995). There was variation in departments which shows the values of each of the departmental head. Christopher Harding was appointed as the chairman in 1984 and before him there wasnt a single dominant character at the top management level. Because BA had its origin from the ministry of defence, there was a strong civil service influence in the company. BA had a strong and close contact with Royal Air Force and both pilots and managers were recruited from RAF frequently. These militants left a very operational flavour to the organizations culture. In a survey a manager said that we couldnt get away from the fact that we are on a mission and that mission is everything to us and the customer are just an unfortunate add on. The management and leadership style was not participative as the CEO and the former chairman personally were very distant from the staff. The technical knowledge was considered to be very vital and the managers were recruited and promoted on the basis of their technical abilities instead of managerial abilities. All these factors made the culture of BA very rigid and a critical cultural change became the only solution for the company to survive. The Change Scope: Background: Other than the increasing competition and fuel costs, old fleets, and high staff costs in 80s, BAs management had to tackle these issues in order to avoid going bank corrupt, Improving the companys financial performance fundamentally, pre-tax losses were showing a figure of  £240m in 81 and 82 (Annual report 1st April 1983). CEO of BA said in 1982 that their money is draining at the rate of  £200 every minute (Mills et al 2006). Convincing the workforce of the supreme importance of customer services for the success of the company. Improving the perceptions about BA in the market. Maintaining momentum and regaining the focus which will allow them to meet new challenges. The main reasons for this crisis on BA were its culture and history. BEA and BOAC came together to form BA in 1981 (Staniland 2003). They remained sovereign till 1976 when the group division was changed to a structure based on functional divisions. Still a distinctive split within BA persisted until the mid 1980s. This improper assimilation disallowed BA to achieve the desired benefits of the merger, could not attain a common focus, created management segregation squabbles and resulted in a lack of a unifying corporate culture (Doganis 2002). The funny side of the merger was that most of the BEA and BOAC employees were war veterans who used to fly military aircrafts and they had a great influence on shaping the culture of BA. BAs culture was influenced by military mentality with a purely operational focus. The employees believe that their job is only to fly the plan safely and land it on time. Customer satisfaction and customer care, profit maximization and productivity were not considered as top priorities (Bowhill 2008). BA had financial support from the government and was doing a profitable business in the 70s (Parker 2009). These were the reasons which made it easier for BA to neglect its increasing inefficiencies over time. It was getting even more difficult to persuade the workforce and the management towards the need of a fundamental change. The competition was rising in the market and customer dissatisfaction plus the employees absenteeism were on the rise and the need for change was critical. The 1981 survival plan: The merger in 1981 leaves the company overstaffed and the staff expenses were unaffordable. The survival plan involves downsizing and the staff was reduced from 52000 to 43000 through voluntary measures. A 20% decrease in workforce in 9 months was a major downsizing (Thompson Martin 2009). Freezing pay was increased for a year which caused more volunteers leaving the job than was required. 16 routed were closed, 8 online stations and 2 engineering bases were shut down (Carleton Lineberry 2004). The survival plan was all about minimizing the costs and expenses as the company was heading towards bankruptcy. The activities involved in minimizing the costs also includes the halting of cargo service and selling the fleets and massive cuts in number of offices, administrative services and staff clubs etc (Jones and Lockwood 2002). Things were not going right and the survival plan was amended and staff was reduced by another 7000 and the total number than was appro ximately 35000. The voluntary laying off schemes cost the company around  £150 million and the company ended up with more volunteers than necessary because of no job security and sinking conditions of the company (Carleton Lineberry 2004). Changing image of the Airline: British airways had a bad image in the customers mind dew to unsatisfactory services and relatively higher prices. A survey by the International Airline Passengers Association put BA at the top of a list of the airlines to be avoided. (Redman Wilkinson). To improve the image of the organization BA launched its Manhattan Landing and The worlds favourite Airline campaigns and raised the advertising budget which was  £19m to  £31m for the year 1983-1984 in order to signal a clear commitment to changing the corporate image (Leban et al 2005). Building its turnaround team: 30% of the old employees had left the organization voluntarily which involved senior mangers as well (Barsoux Manzoni 1997). Culture is formed by leaders and now these leaders were not there which helped the cultural change process. Newly appointed CEO Sir Collin Marshall was a very charismatic leader. He brought in some new blood to give the company a fresh perspective and to regain focus. In 1983, Colin Marshall made customer service a personal crusade (Reichheld 1996). Customer services were something absent in the BAs culture which was very rigid and he wanted to achieve a shift from a strongly British, engineering, and operationally driven culture to one that emphasized productivity and profits while increasing the value placed on customer service. Support from top management: To make a change successful the leaders need to play the role model. Leader needs to be the one, who actually put the change terms in practice, supports his team and give them freedom of expression (Cameron 2004). Collin Marshall in this regard was very concerned and he used to spend lot of his time in terminals with staff communicating and reinforcing the desired culture for the organization and its mutual and individual advantages. Employees were given the freedom to share their ideas and thoughts and give their suggestions about helping the change to carry forward. Employees feel listened to and feels themselves as part of the companys success. Education and Training: Change needs to be reinforced and communicated regularly to make it feel happening. A continuous training needs to be done to help employees adapting to the new culture. BA in this regard conducted a training program named PPF (Putting People First). This training program was aimed at the people to examine their interactions with other people. The main focus of the training was to build positive relationships and customer services. Nearly 40000 of BAs employees attended the training program (Leban et al 2005). Another training program conducted by BA was MPF (Managing People First). This training program was aimed at other issues like culture and its importance, the leadership, trust, vision and feedback. These behaviour moulding programs resulted in good and BA was able to move on towards cultural change. After one year of training with TMI (training consultants), BA moved into profit (Senior Fleming 2006). Make the Change visible: Change needs to visible to the outside world. British Airways unveiled their new planes at Heathrow Airport and their new uniforms to give the world an impression that they have gone through a change and now they are a better organization (Leban et al 2005). With in 10 years the cultural change program succeeded in creating a strong commitment to productivity, profits and customer services. The morale was higher and the companys image in the market was better and this change lift the company out of bankruptcy to become one the worlds most respected airline. British Airways have launched a new campaign in 2009 named ONE DESTINATION. The CEO said at the time of launch that we started our journey towards responsible air travel in 1984 and we have discovered that our customers love to fly with us but are concerned about their impact on the environment (BBC news). Getting over the resistance with the help of suitable change models: Kurt Lewins change model comprises of three steps, i.e. Unfreeze-Change-Refreeze. The first stage in Lewins change model is unfreezing that is when manager develops a felt or need for the change which can be because of declining profits or shrinking market shares etc. In BAs case both profits and market shares were declining. This is where the CEO Collin Marshall felt the need for the change. The unfreezing stage is very crucial as this is when managers are making the workforce ready for the change. This is the advertising phase where the vision and content of the change is communicated which inspires the workforce and gains their commitment. Brirish Airways in this regard conducted the behaviour moulding conferences named PPF and MPF to change the behaviours and make the people ready for the change. The next stage in Lewins model is the change it self. This is the stage where the terms of the change are practically implied and practiced. The survival plan discussed above aimed at cost reduction and than the activities like increasing the advertising budget, hiring new blood and educating and training the people was the change process which was very well lead by the CEO. At this stage continuous feedback and reinforcement is required to make the change feel happening. Collin Marshall himself used to talk with the employees in small groups and spent his most of time reinforcing his vision and desired culture. Refreezing is the stage when people start to embrace the change and the organization has moved to the new culture. This is the stage where the change should be visible and BA made the change visible by inaugurating their new fleets and uniforms. John P. Kotter in his 8 step change model says that a strong enough team is required to carry the change process forward. BA did create a team of new blood managers who gave the company a fresh ad current perspective of business. Kotters model emphasize on communicating the vision of the change and BA was up to the task and had a great support from the senior management as the employees had the freedom of sharing their ideas and thoughts. Leadership Styles: As mentioned above that leadership of BA was heavily influenced by the retired army officers and co ordination and co operation was missing and leaders were like dictators. When the new CEO took over he changed the way of leading as in the process of downsizing, some senior managers were also removed from their positions because of the out dated leadership techniques. The success of the change was because of the new leadership who acted as mentors, and by adopting the democratic, consultive and persuasive, and transformational styles of leadership. Analysis of the Change at BA: The Thatcher Governments announcement of privatizing British Airways was the initial trigger which started the whole process of change (Staniland 2003). The need for the cultural change in BA arises in the transitional phase of the economic environment. The airline industry in UK was facing a severe competition which was an outcome of the privatization. Airline industry in UK was put to work under highly deregulated market which historically used to work in highly regulated market. The privatization decision changed the historic values and beliefs of BA dramatically as the organizations mission in the past was to make sure that planes fly safely and land safely. Profit maximization and competition were not much of an issue. Changing the culture is an ongoing process (Schabracq 2007) and even it is fully achieved, it still goes on in the form of monitoring and continuous inspection. British Airways since 1984 is in the transition phase and is replacing some of its main historical values and beliefs to be consistent with the new mission (Salama 1995). Collin Marshall was appointed as the CEO in order to accomplish this required cultural change. Training and behaviour changing programmes and evaluation systems have been introduced to motivate and stimulate changes. But in some areas other managerial career subsystems such as selection and promotion, had experienced minor modifications. Despite BA had put great deal of effort into encouraging certain behaviours, staff did not collate its employment policies and practices around the new culture (Coles et al 2000). BA failed to institutionalize the change through their stabilisation action plans. Management techniques were certainly impressive, but not everyo ne benefited from them. In areas such as marketing, the criteria for choosing Managers had changed from technical to managerial skills. However, some managers still preferred the old fashioned recruitment procedure based on promoting and selecting people who were good technical individuals, therefore BA had difficulties maintaining the change. At the corporate level, the managers were now rewarded based on performance. The new appraisal system varies across functions as the criteria for good performance was different among different departments. This issue arises from the HR departments ignorance towards the different subculture. The HR department had been trying to impose its own values and beliefs on the rest of the organization and this was identified by Marshall and a new structure for HR was developed later on in order to give the department units more autonomy. This conflicting situation reflects a lack of consensus regarding the desired organizational culture as viewed by top management. Recent Issues: BA had won awards for Best Airline and Best Business Class, a total of 7 awards (Investors Report BA.co.uk). However, BA was also on top of the list of the companies that had complaints, made by the AUC (Air Transport Users Council), totalling 117. Air France came second with 110 and Ryanair third with 77, EasyJet had 42 total complaints (BBCnews.co.uk 20 Aug 2002). If BA adopt a strategy for focus differentiation, tighter controls on the safe handling of baggage, more effective booking services would require to be implemented in order to provide this quality service, thus gaining customer satisfaction and justification of price differentiation. This would inevitably enhance its image and reputation (Johnson et al 2008). CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION: British Airways had gone through many changes in order to promote this cultural change. British Airways lacked a holistic approach while implementing the change because despite of the HR departments attempts towards forming policies and procedures around the new culture, there was evidently a gap between HR and middle management. Some managers were still using the traditional approaches of reward system and recruiting people. British Airways needed to adopt a partnership model within HR. This model is about establishing a common interest in order to secure the competitiveness, viability and prosperity of an organisation. Economic tensions appreciated within this model, are fitting to British Airways unstable environment. The Partnership model talks about getting a commitment from employees to improve quality and efficiency and the acceptance by the employers as stakeholders with interest to be considered when decisions are made. In the beginning it will require a top to bottom approa ch in order to promote and advertise the change. However promoting good strategies which are suitable for all the departments and areas of the organization, as opposed to some areas, is the key to its success. British Airways need to adopt this model to promote teambuilding and working together kind of environment. This model will help in identifying the organizational goal by mutually sharing the values and beliefs of the people and they will start moving in same direction and the outcome of the change can be seen in the whole organization. British Airways is once again in crisis at the current time and is showing record  £401 million pre tax losses (BBC news). Flights are late and customers are facing some sort of the same issues as there were in 1980s. British Airways has a good history and current image in the consumer market. They might need another change in the organization. The change started in 1984 and still things need to be done. Therefore it can be said that changing culture is a complex and long term undertaking (Thomas 2005). It involves coordinated efforts by the top management to change its own values and behaviour and communicates it to the followers and others in the organization. Such changes must be reinforced by shifts in management education, selection and promotion. Culture cannot be managed on its own or as separate from the rest of the organization.

God Defines Gender Roles in American Society :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

God Defines Gender Roles in American Society What are men's and women's roles in society? Are men and women equal in ability and opportunity? Should they be equal or do they have distinct roles they should play? In this day and age, people like to be "politically correct" by attempting to make both sexes equal. Most people feel that it is unfair to say that men can do certain activities better than women and women can do other activities better than men, but is it actually unfair, or has God actually made men and women differently and given them different roles in life and society? As was stated, most people like to consider males and females equal in ability and in what their roles should be in society, but I don't think that is actually the case. God has made men and women differently - HE has made them to fit certain roles HE has defined. The Bible talks a lot about God's roles for men and women. Genesis, the first book of the Bible, talks about Creation and how sin (disobedience to God) entered the world. When God created everything, it was perfect and good. Right after Adam and Eve (the first man and woman) disobeyed God, God kicked them out of the perfect place he had made for them called the Garden of Eden. Genesis 3:16-19 says: "To the woman He said, 'I will greatly multiply your pain in childbirth, in pain you shall bring forth children; yet your desire shall be for your husband, and he shall rule over you.' Then to Adam He said, '... Cursed is the ground because of you; in toil you shall eat of it all the days of your life. Both thorns and thistles it shall grow for you; and you shall eat the plants of the field; by the sweat of your face you shall eat bread...'" This is the first example of God's giving roles to men and women. He said that women would give birth to children (and, obviously, raise them), while men will take care of the land and work it for food. Many people today believe that since the Bible was written quite a long time ago that it doesn't apply to the world now and that the roles God has given men and women are changing, but that's not true. Just because something is old doesn't mean it's irrelevant to the world today.

Hate Crime Essay -- Violence Racism Hate Crimes Essays

Hate Crime   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Violence motivated by a bias against victims’ characteristics which include race, religion, ethnic background, national origin, gender, or sexual orientation, represents a serious threat to all communities. Experts estimate that a bias-related crime is committed every 14 minutes. Criminal justice officials and state policy makers need to realize that it is key to make or adjust hate crime legislation. This has been a heated debate for centuries. The key to solving the ever-growing problem of hate crimes is more hate crime legislation. The first legislative efforts to address bias-related crimes, dated back to the late 19th century, which was a response to the expanding Ku Klux Klan and segregation in the south. Such laws included mandates against wearing masks and hoods. The next wave of legislation relating to hate crimes resulted from the movement for increased protection for civil rights in the face of widespread racial prejudice shown by segregated buildings and restricted access to public and private resources. The most recent legislation has been directed specifically to acts of hate against people of race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, etc. The Local Law Enforcement Enhancement Act, S. 625, also known as the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hate Crime Prevention Act, if enacted would strengthen current law as it relates to hate crimes motivated by a victim’s race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, etc. Hate crimes are not only destructive to the victims and their families, but damaging to the victims families and friends. It also is very damaging to our American ideals. America stands and shines for diversity and equality. In a way hate crimes are not only threatening to the individual being attacked but to America as a whole. Last year, Congress had the chance to pass strong hate crimes legislation. On June 19,2000, the Local Law Enforcement Enhancement Act of 2000 was approved by the senate as an amendment to the defense authorization bill. People who act on hate need to know their punishment will be severe and harsh. Hate crimes threaten the safety of many citizens and in a way disrupts the entire communitie. Hate crimes can not be tolerated. Hate crimes are a harsh reality in the United States. The reason it is so hard to come to a c... ...t walking down the street and being themselves. The examples are endless. The fight against hate crimes on the national and local levels must get more aggressive. We, as a nation, must act now. Under existing federal law, a person or group of convicted of crimes against someone who was targeted â€Å" because of the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, disability or sexual orientation† faces stiffer federal penalties than those provided under state law. The proposed legislation would eliminate the current requirement that the government prove the perpetrator’s intent. Instead, federal prosecutors could go after hate crimes without proving that the perpetrator was motivated by prejudice. More hate crime legislation will help give victims increased protection, keep streets safer and increased punishment for vicious criminals who base their attacks on hate and bias. More hate crime legislation will give criminals who commit these terrible crimes the punishment they deserve, while it gives innocent victims the peace of mind to know that justice will be done. No matter what happens in Congress, 42 states are already prosecuting hate crimes.

Experiences of Families of Child/Children

The researcher wants to know the struggles, trials, loopholes and problems that families experience and encounter with regards to their child with the case of Emotional Disorder. The researcher notice that this disorder has different categories and types, and it is according to the type and level of severity. i. e. Bi polar syndrome, oppositional defiant, anxiety disorder and the obsessive compulsive disorder. These four kinds are also iincluded in the two major types of the disorder, the externalizing or what we call acting out, and the internalizing which we call acting in.In addition the researcher wants to know how the families of these children handle the situation of their kids. The hurdles and the trials that they are facing as they continually experience the problems that this disability brought not only to the child, but also in their families. The researcher also want to find some ways to help the families of these children on how to prevent or to help their children to go out in this battle of disability, what supports, interventions, treatment and other related services that will really help them to intervene the disability.The researcher believes that different psychological treatment will prevent the disorder to be broad to the children and it will lessen the different problems and factors that will trigger the disability to become more active. More so, families of these children can be also a big help to prevent the disability that their son or daughter is experiencing. This research will help us see the problems and experiences of the families who has a member with emotional behavioral disorder, and how wee can prevent this disability. B. Conceptual FrameworkChild/ Children with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder ( EBD) Problems and Interventions vv Families and Society * Insults * Teasing * Neglect * Rude comments * Offensive remarks v The paradigm discusses the experiences and effects of Child/children with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder to the fa mily and society where they belong. The problems encountered by these children, and the possible interventions that could be made to help families with this kind of disorder. C. Statement of the Problem 1. What is Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder? 2.What are the effects of Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder to growing child/children to the family/society where he/she belong/s 3. What are the possible interventions to be made in order to help families with Child/children with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder. D. Hypotheses 1. Null hypothesis – There is no great impact and problem on the family and society of children with emotional behavioral disorder. 2. Operational Hypothesis – There is a great impact and problem on the family and society of children with emotional behavioral disorder. E. Significance of the studyThis study will focus on the experiences of families of child/children with emotional behavioral disorder; it will focus to the different experiences that emerge to their family, the life, the different situations and events happening to their child/children. And as parent's, what are the things that they consider, what are the preventions that they made in order for their child/children to act in manner that will give them satisfaction. This study would help the following: * To the parent's/families, they would greatly understand that having a child with Emotional Bbehavioral is not a problem, instead it is a test of patience.They will help them understand the difference of their child so they can do interventions and could give support to them. * To all the sstudents taking SPED, so they would greatly understand on how to handle situations, and could show more patience, love and understanding to children with Emotional Disorder. , that the existence of these children makes their profession and job worthwhile. * To educators, so that they would greatly appreciate dealing with Child/children with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder. To the governmen t, so they would probably make government programs to help families of child/children with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder. F. Scope and Delimitations The researcher will conduct interviews to the different families who have a childchildren with emotional behavioral disorder. The researcher will prepare 20 survey questions for the 25 respondents. The researcher will use the descriptive survey. Questions will focus for what are the difficulties, what are the struggles and what are the advantages and disadvantages.These following questions will help the researcher to know what the problems that the parent's are facing and experiencing. G. Definition of Terms 1. Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder – a condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to mark a degree, which adversely affects educational performance. 2. Internalizing Bbehavior – one of the two general categories of Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder, internalizing behav ior mearns that it acts in, examples are: anxiety, fearfulness, withdrawal and other indications of an individual’s mood or internal state. . Externalizing Bbehavior – one of the two general categories of Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder, externalizing behavior mearns acting out examples are: aggressive, disruptive behavior and directed toward others. 4. Oppositional Defiant Disorder – it go against in every situation. 5. Conduct Disorder – the mod and the attitude is persistent. 6. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder – it is an anxiety disorder, fearful of rejection. 7. Bipolar Disorder – it mearns that the mood has its episodes; it goes to positive to negative, and even vice versa.Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Characteristics of sstudents with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder Children with emotional behavioral disorder are not a new problem in our society. It happens most of time among children during the pre-adolescent and adolescent age. There are countless victims of this kind of aggression and some people believe that this problem is a serious problem with long lasting consequences, not only to the children with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder, but also to the families in which these children belong. https://donemyessay.com/early-childhood-four-types-of-aggression/Compared with sstudents who have other educational disabilities, sstudents with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder experience the lowest levels of academic success. A total of 51% of those identified with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder drop out of school (U. S. Department of Education, 2002), and only one in five will attend a postsecondary school (Wagner, Kutash, Duchnowski, Epstein, ; Sumi, 2005). After high school, people with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder experience instability in employment and challenges with their mental health.Social alienation for sstudents is highly related to anxiety, depression, and conduct problems, and sstudents who are at risk for Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder may be seen as lonely, unlikable, provoking, and lacking in social competency. These negative characteristics and outcomes may be avoided or minimized with early identification and intervention. Internalizing and Externalizing Bbehavi ors Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder is often identified in internalizing or externalizing categories.Internalizing behaviors are associated with problematic internal feelings, such as anxiety, sadness, reticence, fearfulness, and oversensitivity. Sstudents with externalizing behaviors tend to show outward behavioral problems that include aggression, unruliness, forcefulness, and oppositional behaviors. A few sstudents may display both internalizing and externalizing behaviors (e. g. , a student with aggressive behaviors who also displays some depressive or anxious feelings), but usually sstudents can be identified as primarily externalizing or internalizing.Screening for both internalizing and externalizing behaviors is important because sstudents with internalizing problems are easily overlooked: they typically create few discipline problems and maintain good grades, although some may have attendance problems. Teachers who are aware of sstudents who are withdrawn, anxious, fearful, and unassertive can help school teams identify them so that early interventions can be put in place. Sstudents with externalizing tendencies are more readily noticed by teachers.Such behaviors as getting out of one’s seat, provoking peers, acting aggressive and refusing to stay on task occur frequently in sstudents with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder, and those behaviors often require the teacher’s attention or disciplinary actions. Sstudents with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder tend to have high numbers of office referrals for behavioral offenses. Sstudents who commit one to three behavioral offenses in sixth grade are more likely to have continued behavior problems in eighth grade and are less likely to be on track for high school graduation (Tobin ; Sugai, 1999).Gender Issues Most sstudents identified as at risk for or as having Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder are male. Surprisingly this prevalence occurs in both the external and internal categories, although male sst udents are more likely to display external behaviors than internal ones. This may be seen when adolescent males express depressive feelings externally through negative interpersonal interactions. Females are identified as being at risk less frequently, but when they are identified, they are more commonly identified as internalizes.Because males are much more likely to be identified as Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder or as at risk for Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder, teachers and administrators must be sure that they are not overlooking the needs and behaviors of adolescent females in the screening process (Young, Sabbah, Young, Reiser, ; Rich-ardson, 2010). Environmental Factors Teachers often notice environmental factors. When sstudents appear hungry or tired, teachers may view them as being at risk. In addition, teachers notice sstudents who appear to have less-involved parent's or familial stress.One group of researchers determined that nontraditional family structure, low socioeco nomic status, multiple school changes, urban school atmosphere, and paren'tal dissatisfaction with the school were all predictors of school exclusion (expulsions and suspensions) for sstudents with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder (Achilles, McLaughlin, ; Croninger, 2007). Those findings suggest that heightened EBD indicators as measured by school exclusion may be influenced by a student’s environment. Quality of life issues or other environmental factors may influence the manifestation of.Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder When sstudents completed a quality of life survey, those identified as having Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder demonstrated lower feelings of self competence and reported negative relationships with others. These quality of life scores did not differ significantly across ages or between the sexes of sstudents with Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder. (Sacks ; Kern, 2008). Practical Issues School teams should determine who might manage the screening process and summariz e its results. Further, schools should also consider what resources are available for intervention.If they have inadequate resources, screening may be inadvisable; identifying sstudents who are at risk but not providing the reasonable interventions could be considered an impractical and inappropriate use of resources. Another important issue to consider is what permissions are needed to conduct school wide screening. Typically parent's must grant permission for their child to complete a survey or any type of measure that could identify him or her as being at risk. But if a teacher completes a measure, such as a teacher nomination form, it could be considered a typical Child Find aactivity—a normal educational process.If the teacher completes an individualized form (i. e. , the SDQ or BASC-2 BESS) for all sstudents, paren'tal permission is probably needed. Consulting with district administrators and attorneys about this issue is prudent. Confidentiality, including how the data will be stored and who will have access to the data, must be discussed before screening takes place (Young, Caldarella, Richardson, ; Young, in press). Chapter III Methodology This research uses student-made questionnaire. The research is purely a descriptive research with 20 respondents chosen randomly.The data gathered are tabulated and analyzed by finding its frequency ppercentage. A. ResearchMethod/ Design This research employs descriptive method of research. Descriptive method is used in order to find facts about Emotional Bbehavioral Disorder which is adequate in this research. The method of collecting data was the normative survey, which is looking to the commonality of the responses of the respondents using the student-made questionnaire, prepared and made by the researcher. B. Subject/Respondents/ParticipantsThis research uses 20 respondents taken from the population or families of Barangay DBB-1, Barangay DBB-F ( City of Dasmarinas) and families from Anabu II-F, City of I mus. The respondents of the study were chosen randomly. C. Statistical Tools/ Treatment/Instruments The instrument used to collect data was the questionnaire. For validation purposes the questionnaire was distributed to the twenty respondents for them to fill up. The respondents were chosen randomly. The data are collected or gathered, tabulated and analyzed by finding the mean and frequency.In analyzing the data, the researcher used the Frequency Ppercentage . Using the frequency ppercentage, the researcher will be able to determine the most number of occurrences in a certain aspect of research. D. Data Analysis The data in this research were analyzed using the following treatments: Frequency and Ppercentage. The frequency of particular observation is the number of times the observation occurs in the data. The frequency of each value or class interval is expressed as a ppercentage of the total number of observations. A ppercentage is a way of expressing a number as fraction of 100.

Operant Conditioning Paper

Operant Conditioning Vanessa Mejias November 28, 2011 Ross Seligman PSY/390 Operant Conditioning In a world that was ruled by psychoanalytic studies, and Thorndike’s puzzle box to explain behaviorism, B. F. Skinner was a revolutionary in the world of psychology. His studies and reports on operant conditioning has not only survived ridicule and skepticism in his time but has also survived the passage of time and social evolution to incorporate his theories several decades later. By learning from and expanding upon Skinner’s schedule of reinforcement the world of social and academic learning has evolved from a puzzling act to a learned process that could be understood the world over. During his research Skinner developed a theory to modify behavior believing that behavior can be created because of a positive or negative stimulus or environment, instead of just instinctually responding to stimuli, like scratching an itch. While he did not create the foundation of behavior modification, his research allowed him to expand upon already existing theories developed by Pavlov and Thorndike. Skinner’s theory consisted of two types of behavior, respondent and operant behavior (Olsen & Hergerhahn, 2009). To go along with, and help modify unwanted behavior Skinner developed two types of conditioning. Type S also known as respondent conditioning and Type R also known as operant conditioning. Type S conditioning is the equivalent to classic conditioning as described by Pavlov and focuses primarily on the significance of the stimulus creating a preferred response or behavior (Olsen & Hergerhahn, 2009). Whereas type R conditioning is similar to Thorndike’s instrumental conditioning, by focusing upon the response after the stimulus (Olsen & Hergerhahn, 2009). The theory of operant conditioning focuses on the four types of stimuli that can elicit a response. Positive reinforcement is an act that adds to a reinforcement that will emit an increase in behavior, while negative reinforcement is an act that takes away a reinforcement that will create an increase in behavior. Whereas punishment follows the same guidelines with positive and negative punishment however the difference lies in the behavior. While reinforcement will increase behavior punishment is supposed to decrease behavior. Extinction however is the act of eliminating the reinforcement or punishment to eliminate the behavior and go back to the behavior prior to attempted modification. The differences between positive and negative reinforcements are not that profound. In actuality the similarities are sounder than the differences. Reinforcement is the act of increasing behavior, however it is the type of reinforcement used that causes the differences. If positive reinforcement is used then the stimuli will add to the behavior, for instance a dog is told to sit while the trainer pushes down on the hind side. Once the dog sits he or she is given a treat. Again the act is repeated with the same reinforcement given, so in this instance the dog is learning that once the required behavior is preformed it will receive a treat, the treat is adding to the increased and desired behavior. However, in the form of negative reinforcement a stimuli is taken away to increase the desired behavior. For instance, if a child wants a donut but will not eat their food, then the caregiver will take away the donut and tell the child they need to eat their lunch before they have their snack. In this instance the snack is taken away so that the child will increase the behavior of eating what is required before unhealthy foods. Although reinforcement, punishment and extinction all have their uses, it is debatable which is more effective. Skinner determined that punishment was not as effective as reinforcements. However the debate is whether positive or negative reinforcement is more effective. Upon review, it seems that positive and negative reinforcement has the same affect yet need to be administered under different circumstances based upon the behavior required, the environment, personality and cultural influences that play significant parts in an individual’s behavior. Throughout Skinner’s research he created a method in which behavior modification could be observed. This is called a schedule of reinforcement. Although Pavlov started to experiment with partial reinforcement with classical conditioning, it was the comprehensive research that Skinner performed that resulted in the complete understanding and effectiveness of scheduled reinforcement. An example of operant conditioning that uses scheduled reinforcement is toilet training. Toilet training incorporates operant and classical conditioning, however it is through the use of reinforcement that creates a positive outcome. During toilet training the child is introduced to the continuous reinforcement schedule, which means that every time the child controls their bladder and uses the toilet a reinforcement will be given. After a time this schedule can be altered to incorporate the fixed interval reinforcement schedule, what this means is that after a set amount of time the child will use the restroom on their own and receive a reinforcement afterwards, so the child will learn to anticipate the reinforcement prior to the use of the toilet. Once toilet training is complete the child will go from operant conditioning [using the toilet for reward], to classical conditioning [using the toilet to feel relief from the discomfort of a full bladder]. Although Skinner’s methods have been ridiculed and are abstract compared to other behaviorists’ theories, his research has allowed the field of psychology to move onto other avenues of possibilities. Whereas, Thorndike, Hull, Pavlov and other known greats have set the foundation to psychology, it was Skinner’s methods and emphasis on operant conditioning that allowed mankind to evolve in the understanding of behavior in animals and humans alike. As a result of Skinner’s radical views educators, animal trainers, psychologists, and caregivers are given hope that change in one’s behavior is attainable and eliminates the ‘blame’ method of humanity. Skinner’s work defines what it means to be ‘responsible for one’s own actions’. References Olsen, M. , & Hergerhahn, B. R. (2009). An Introduction to Theories of Learning [University of Phoenix Custom Edition eBook]. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, PSY390 website. Operant Conditioning Paper Operant Conditioning Berline Jean Baptiste PSY/390 March 4, 2013 Esther Siler-Colbert Abstract When thinking about conditioning in general, one will, most likely, refer to classical, and operant conditioning right away. Furthermore, those who study psychology will associate classical conditioning with Ivan Pavlov who was a famous Russian psychologist and operant conditioning with B. F. Skinner, who was a very influential American psychologist. Even though both types of conditioning differ greatly from each other, they are still equally significant to education.Operant Conditioning If one follows the assumptions of a behaviorist, then not all behavior is genetically determined. Since it is not, it is either a function of responded or operant conditioning. Skinner surely followed the footsteps of E. L. Thorndike, who used the term â€Å"of instrumental conditioning instead of operant†. Both, however, believed that animals and humans are capable of more complicated behavior, albe it gradually. According to Skinner, this form of learning was a conditioning one, but one that was of a different kind from the one proposed by Pavlov.For instance, in respondent behavior, one does something in a passive manner to the environment; however, in operant conditioning, one does it because somewhere in the past this kind of behavior was associated with a pleasing outcome or with trying to avoid the occurrence of an unpleasant one. Therefore, quite opposite from what respondent behavior is, this kind of operant is always conditioned. Very important to indicate that the probability of a behavior occurring again, increases or decreases with the merit of its consequences. Clearly, it can be said that one learns to colligate an action to its consequence.The bond between the action and the consequence is referred to as contingency, which further declares one’s behavior in the future (Alloy, Riskind & Manos, 2005). In Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning there are three different terms, which are needed, and they are stimulus, response, and reinforcement, and as acknowledged by Skinner on several occasions, life is full of reinforces. There are different kinds of reinforces too, such as food or sex, to which one responds instinctively. These kinds of reinforces are known as primary reinforces and do not need to be learned.However, one responds mostly to reinforce that were conditioned, referred today to as secondary reinforces (Alloy, Riskind & Manos, 2005). There are three components in operant conditioning named positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment. According to Skinner’s theory, reinforcement is a consequence that will result in a behavior repeating; punishment has the opposite effect. It is very important to know that the terms positive and negative do not refer to something being just pleasant or unpleasant but instead, they indicate if a stimulus was added or taken away.To further simplify, in positi ve reinforcement the behavior is strengthened by adding a stimulus and in negative reinforcement, the behavior is weakened by removing one. Still, it is very important to point out that negative reinforcement is very often confused with punishment. One needs to keep in mind that one kind strengthens behavior, such as the reinforcement, whereas the other one, the punishment, eliminates behavior (Alloy, Riskind & Manos, 2005). It is difficult to define clearly, which reinforcement is the most effective one.Two major factors, the organism itself and the kind of circumstances, come into play when trying to make a decision of this kind. While for some, positive reinforcement may work truly well, for others the effectiveness of a negative reinforcement might do more. In addition, the results one seeks could also influence which one might be the better choice. So for instance, if one is in a restaurant and had a great dinner, he or she will most likely leave a big tip. In this scenario, po sitive reinforcement will most likely have a greater impact than a negative one.However, one would use negative reinforcement when trying to remove something annoying, such as a loud noise. Using a seatbelt in a car will remove the annoying beep noise that is usually there when one is unbuckled. Therefore, using the seatbelt is reinforced because it removes a stimulus. In summary, it can be acknowledge that both kinds of reinforcement are very effective since they increase the chance of a future response. In addition to positive and negative reinforcement, there is also the positive and negative punishment.For instance, positive punishment can be one adding an angry voice to an argument while negative punishment can be removing privileges, which parents often do when trying to punish their children for bad behavior. Once again, what kind of reinforcement, and even punishment, is the most effective, truly depends on different aspects (Schunk, 2008). The use of operant conditioning ca n be very often observed in parents raising their children. The same can be applied to me. I am a mom of two boys, one who is almost two years old and the other who is two months old. They not only differ in their physical appearance but also in their character.It seems while negative reinforcement might work truly well on the 19 months old, it probably would not work well on my two months old when his older. Since my 19 months old is usually very active, behave extremely well, like to read his book, and due his daily learning charts if this would suddenly change, I would try to apply negative reinforcement to shape his behavior. Even though my two months old is not yet old enough to take action towards, but if he starts crying after his diaper has been change and he’s been fed then I will use positive reinforcement to shape his behavior.Knowing my 19 months old, I am assuming the only possible way to shape his behavior and have him read his book and also have him do his dail y learning charts constantly would be by having him spend more time indoors, instead of playing outside. Therefore, the choice to use negative reinforcement is the perfect one for him and for this kind of situation. If he wanted to go outside more and play, he would be able to gain more of this time back by not falling behind. Once doing so, he could go outside again and play with his friends. In this case, good behavior would decrease the time he would have to stay indoors.If my two months old decided not to stop crying and would require some attention, I would use attention to shape his behavior, which in this case would work as a positive reinforcement. Paying attention to him, showing him that I am here even when he is not being held would make him feel more secure and won’t mind lying in his swinger. In addition, depending on the situation, continuous reinforcement might not always be possible. For instance, I might not always have the time to give him all of my attentio n because I do have to share myself between him and my other son.Maybe additional strategies, such as the use of reinforcement schedules, might be necessary. There are four kinds of reinforcement schedules called fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval. In my son’s case, variable ratio might work well. He knows he will get the attention when I can; however, he won’t know when it will happen. However, if both, the positive and negative reinforcement, seem not to work, then there is the possibility of using punishment. In this case, I would take privileges away from both of them so that their behavior can be shaped (Martinez, 2010).References Alloy, L. , B. , Riskind, J. , H. & Manos, M. , J. (2005). Abnormal psychology: Current perspectives (9th. ed. ) New York, NY: The McGraw-Hills Companies Inc. Martinez, M. , E. (2010). Learning and cognition: The design of the mind. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc. Olson, M. , H. & Hergenhahn , B. , R. (2009). An Introduction to theories of learning. (8th. Ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Schunk, D. , H. (2008). Learning theories: An educational perspective (5th. ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc.

Cultural Differences in Body Language Essay

Do you know what I am doing? (thumbs up to the side – Hitch hiking). When I do this, most of you would think it means â€Å"good job†. But in the middle east, for example in Iran, it’s an insult similar to â€Å"the middle finger†. Good evening Madam Toastmaster, fellow toastmasters and guests, tonight let’s look at body language in different cultures. Do you agree that gestures can communicate as effectively as words? I agree. Some might argue, it maybe even more than words. However we must be aware different culture has different body language. Therefore, in our personal and business lives, careful consideration must be given to whom we are with and where they are from. A question that we might ask is; do we expect other cultures to adapt to our customs and protocol, or are we willing to make an extra effort to learn more about how they prefer to communicate? It wouldn’t be the first time that someone who wasn’t familiar with the communication customs of another country, found themselves in a rather embarrassing situation. Many years ago, President Richard Nixon arrived in a foreign country. Upon his arrival, he stood at the top of the stairs leading from his aircraft door, and overlooked the welcoming crowd gathered below him. He smiled and proudly raised both hands high in the air, palms facing outward and gave a gesture of his trademark famous â€Å"Peace† sign (as he had done many times before while travelling abroad). However the crown immediately began to jeer and hiss at the President, and he found himself on the receiving end of a hostile and rude welcome. Could you imagine how he felt? The reason was because in the country he was visiting, the two fingered, palms outward â€Å"Peace† sign, which was acceptable in North America, was an absolutely offensive gesture to the local people in that African country. This would have been the equivalent of a president from another country visiting New Zealand, and with a smile, â€Å"flipped the bird† which in their country might have meant â€Å"greetings†. As a member of the audience, how might you react? In North America, a simple â€Å"thumbs up† gesture can mean that things are â€Å"great† or a hitchhiking sign which indicates â€Å"I need a ride†. However, in Greece, this gesture signifies â€Å"up yours† when accompanied with a rapid upward and slower downward motion. The gesture for YES is often thought to be universal, however in India they wobble their heads from side to side to say yes. Correct me if I’m wrong my Indian friends. There are also variations in saying no. In Greece they toss their head up. In Japan, they wave their hands in front of their nose like ur gesture for stinky. Or, how about the â€Å"OK† sign where the index finger and the thumb connect to make an â€Å"O† shape and the three remaining fingers point up and slightly flare out. Although acceptable in Western culture to signal that things are â€Å"A-OK†, in Russia or Turkey, this gesture can represent a sexual insult. specifically an orifice (that’s as far as I’ll go with that). In China you may see two men walk hand in hand or with an arm around another’s shoulder. This is a sign of friendship. However, the situation is regarded as homosexual in American culture. In some countries such as France or Italy, it is acceptable to exchange a kiss on one or both cheeks while shaking hands when greeting one another. In other countries such as Japan, this type of behavior is considered impolite as the Japanese are considered to be a â€Å"non-touch† society relative to other cultures. The Japanese have a respectful custom to bow to each other. The most senior status person bows the least and the least status person having to bow first and display the deepest bend from the waist. Business cards are exchanged and read first in a complex formality. This ritual is to determine the seniority, position or rank of everyone in the room first. Then the bowing gesture commences based on the information read. For example, let’s say Tony Cooper is the CEO of Mitsubishi Motors in Japan. I am a small department manager from Fontera†¦the process is: So as you can see, it is really important to know your audience. If you are traveling to other countries, you need to be aware that some of the most commonly acceptable gestures at home can have a completely different meaning to someone from abroad. Demonstrating a sound knowledge of the cultural differences in nonverbal communication will get you noticed and others will appreciate that you are both respectful and prepared. Tonight you’ve learnt as least one thing: be careful if you thumb a ride in Greece O Take the time and invest in a little research to become culturally educated. By doing this you will be able to: Save the embarrassment. (i. e. Be careful if you thumb a ride in Greece O) Gain the competitive edge. A little research can go a long way prior to traveling abroad on business. Surely it helps if you are willing to make an extra effort to learn more about how they prefer to communicate. As the saying goes, â€Å"In Rome, do like the Romans do†. Get to know your audience and their customs. Remember in business, it’s about being prepared and establishing rapport quickly. Understanding body language in different culture might be the very thing that tips the scales in your favor and will give you the competitive edge you’re looking for.

Reflective Essay on American Literature

Reflective Essay on American Literature Reflective Essay on American Literature American literature is very rich in the past historical events that took place on this great continent. Many of the past generations witnessed the turnout of events from the time the continent was not yet independent to the time it became a sovereign entity. There were so many battles that were fought to build this country. For instance, the long and great Civil War in America took place from 1861-1865. Struggles took place off the battle field, as well. African Americans and the American Indians had to fight for their rights to be recognized. This is evident because there was no black national leader until recently when Obama was elected as the first African American president. American minority groups were deprived of their rights until in the 1960s when there was a federal registration enforcement of the Constitution that helped this group to have their rights protected. Many groups of Americans are responsible for writing American literature. The literature is valuable in letting generations know about their past and what their ancestors went through to build this great nation. American literature consists of many themes within a wide range of genres. The various groups that have dwelt in American contribute highly to the rich literature that is preserved in written and oral literature. Patriotic songs have been sung for generations and they, too, help to keep the literature of American alive and vibrant. Children sit by their grandparents’ side to listen to songs and stories about earlier America and how it evolved into make a world power. During the early of the 20th century, America became the world’s greatest power because of its entrepreneurship. In addition, there were numerous immigrants coming to the country who provided cheap labor. Being so rich in natural resources, the country was able to acquire an adequate amount of raw materials domestically for its industries producing many manufactured goods that were utilized domestically as well as exported. This contributed greatly to the thriving America economy. Certainly, America has com e far during the past 250 years and will continue to thrive. American literature is studied worldwide because America is a global power. As such, it has much influence on the political, social and economic factors of other countries. American literature is everywhere: in books, on stage, in the movies, in the lyrics set to music. Many of the world’s favorite authors come from America, and their written literature reflects much about the history and culture of America. Libraries are great places to find literature by all the great American writers. How to Write a Reflective Essay on American Literature: The purpose of a reflective essay is for the writer to examine his own growth in some way, such as being a student in a course. Because of the nature of the essay, it is not necessary to develop a thesis statement. Furthermore, writing in the first person â€Å"I† is acceptable. The writer examines his goals and his progress in achieving those goals. In addition, he identifies and discusses his strengths and weaknesses. If his reflection centers on his progress as a student, for example, he can discuss what he knew before entering the course, what he has gained from his experience in the course, and what interests might guide his future studies because of his participation in that course. In addition, he can discuss how he has grown as a student through participating in that course. For example, he might have discovered what works best for him in studying or retaining information or developing or comprehending a concept. Finally, the writer does not simply tell the reader how he has grown as a student. Instead, he shows it by providing examples of what he did or explanations of his thought process. In conclusion, the writer reminds the reader of how he has grown as a student. Feel free to contact writing company to get professional essay help from PhD and Masters degree writers. 100% original reflective essays with timely delivery.